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Bioscience Reports, Vol. 25, Nos. 5/6, October/December 2005 (Ó 2005)DOI: 10.1007/s10540-005-2897-2 Cytochrome c Effect on Respiration of Heart Mitochondria:Inﬂuence of Various Factors Adolfas Toleikis,1,2 Sonata Trumbeckaite,1 and Daiva Majiene1 The eﬀect of exogenous cytochrome c on respiration rate of the rat and human heartmitochondria was assessed in situ, using permeabilized ﬁbers. It was (i) much more pro-nounced in State 2 and 4 than in State 3 with all the respiratory substrates (pyru-vate+malate, succinate, palmitoyl-CoA+carnitine and octanoyl-L-carnitine), (ii) diﬀerentwith diﬀerent substrates, (iii) much higher after ischemia in both metabolic states, partic-ularly in the case of succinate oxidation compared to pyruvate+malate, (iv) the highest inState 4 with succinate as a substrate. Similar results were obtained with the isolated rat andrabbit heart mitochondria. The diﬀerences in the degree of stimulation of mitochondrialrespiration by cytochrome c and, thus, sensitivity of cytochrome c test in evaluation of theintactness/injury of outer mitochondrial membrane are probably determined by the diﬀer-ences in the cytochrome c role in the control of mitochondrial respiration in the above-described conditions.
KEY WORDS: Saponin-permeabilized heart muscle ﬁbers; isolated mitochondria; outermitochondrial membrane permeability; cytochrome c test; oxidative phosphorylation;ischemia.
ABBREVIATIONS: OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; IMM, inner mitochondrialmembrane; ATR, atractyloside; CCCP, carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone.
It is well known that mitochondria undergo signiﬁcant structural and functionalchanges during their isolation. It was demonstrated (Wojtczak et al., 1972; see forrev. Wojtczak, 1974) that routinely prepared control heart mitochondria contained10–44% particles with damaged outer membrane. These alterations can be enhancedby pathological processes. For example, ischemia-damaged mitochondria are morefragile than normal (Jennings and Ganote, 1976) and thus more susceptible to injuryduring their isolation.
To overcome the difﬁculties mentioned above, saponin-permeabilized cardiac ﬁbers have been applied for studies of mitochondrial respiration in situ. One of the 1Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu St.4, LT-50009, Kaunas - 7, 2To whom correspondence should be addressed.
0144-8463/05/1200-0387/0 Ó 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
Toleikis, Trumbeckaite, and Majiene advantages of the saponin-skinned ﬁber technique (Saks et al., 1998) is that only fewmilligrams of tissue are needed for respiration measurements, which allows one toinvestigate small human muscle biopsies.
The outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is a barrier for macromolecules (proteins, enzymes, etc.) and for smaller molecules of adenine nucleotides, creatinephosphate, creatine, etc. Therefore, OMM is relevant in the compartmentalization ofvarious metabolites and enzymes, and in the regulation of oxidative phosphorylationand energy transport in the cell (Gellerich et al., 2000; Saks et al., 1998, 2001;Toleikis et al., 2001). These processes may be disturbed by various factors (isolationof the mitochondria, ischemia, hypoosmotic conditions, fatty acids, etc.) leading todisruption of OMM and loss of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. It inhibits therespiration of mitochondria and decreases the extent of coupling between respirationand phosphorylation (Shur-Perek and Avi-Dor, 1971). Cytochrome c release fromthe intermembrane space of mitochondria to the cytoplasm is a critical signalingevent during many forms of apoptotic cell death (see for rev. Skulachev, 1998;Murphy, 1999; Borutaite and Brown, 2003).
Thus, the evaluation of OMM intactness (permeability to exogenous cyto- chrome c) is relevant for the assessment of quality of mitochondrial preparations andfor interpretation of experimental results. Electron microscopy is tedious andqualitative rather than quantitative. For this purpose, the semi-quantitative assay -spectrophotometric and oxygraphic—was applied many years ago (Wojtczak et al.,1972). The assay consists in measuring the rate of oxidation of external reducedcytochrome c (30–100 lM) by isolated mitochondria and comparing it with the totalcytochrome oxidase activity of completely disrupted (by Lubrol, Tween-60, TritonX-100, etc.) mitochondria taken as 100%.
In studies of saponin-skinned cardiac ﬁbers, the oxygraphic method is based on the measurement of the degree of stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, mostly inState 3, by the exogenous cytochrome c (8–30 lM) (Kay et al., 1997a, b; Gellerichet al., 2000). In addition, various but mostly NAD-dependent respiratory substratesare used. Usually, no stimulation of ﬁber respiration by external cytochrome c isobserved, in contrast to studies with isolated mitochondria (see for rev. Wojtczak,1974). Accordingly, it was concluded that mitochondria in the control saponin-skinned heart ﬁbers are completely intact (Saks et al., 1998).
However, the role of the particular effector or component of the oxidative phosphorylation system in the regulation of respiration appeared to be cruciallydependent on the metabolic state of mitochondria and on the respiratory substrate(Mildaziene et al., 1993; Ainscow and Brand, 1995).
Thus, the aim of this work was to assess the inﬂuence of these two factors on the exogenous cytochrome c induced stimulation of mitochondrial respiration and, thus,sensitivity of cytochrome c test in evaluation of the intactness of OMM in controland ischemia-damaged mitochondria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Hearts of male Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g were excised and rinsed in ice- cold 0.9% KCl solution. Total ischemia was induced in vitro by autolysis (37°C, The Intactness of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 60 min). The human heart atrial appendage tissue (about 10–20 mg biopsy speci-mens) was obtained from the patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing openheart surgery.
Bundles of the heart muscle ﬁbers, approximately 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, were prepared as described in Ref (Toleikis et al., 1996, 1997, 2001). Bundles of ﬁberswere transferred to cooled solution A containing 20 mM imidazole, 20 mM taurine,0.5 mM dithiothreitol, 7.1 mM MgCl2, 50 mM 2-[N-Morpholino]ethanesulfonicacid (MES), 5 mM ATP, 15 mM phosphocreatine, 2.6 mM CaK2EGTA and7.4 mM K2EGTA (free Ca2+ concentration 0.1 lM) (pH 7.0 adjusted with KOH at2°C), supplemented with 50 lg/ml saponin (from Gypsophila; sapogenin content17%; Sigma) alone or in combination with 3 mg/ml collagenase (Type IV, Sigma)and incubated for 30 min. Then the bundles were washed for 10 min in solution B,containing 20 mM imidazole, 20 mM taurine, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, 1.6 mM MgCl2, 100 mM MES, 3 mM KH2PO4, 3.0 mM CaK2EGTA and 7.1 mM K2EGTA(free Ca2+ concentration 0.1 lM) (pH 7.1 adjusted with KOH at 37°C).
Rat heart mitochondria were isolated in the medium, containing 220 mM mannitol, 70 mM sucrose, 5 mM N-tris[Hydroxymethyl]methyl-2aminoethanesulf-onic acid and 0.5 mM EGTA (pH 7.4, adjusted with Trizma base; 2°C) and 2 mg/mlbovine serum albumin (BSA; fraction V, A4503, Sigma) (Kopustinskiene et al.,2003). Rabbit heart mitochondria were isolated and investigated as indicated in theTable 1 (Scholte, 1973). Some other conditions are indicated in tables and ﬁgures.
Table 1. The eﬀect of cytochrome c on respiration of isolated heart mitochondria (fold increase in res- piration rate due to addition of cytochrome c): dependence on the respiratory substrate and metabolic state of the mitochondria Eﬀect of cytochrome c Respiratory substrate 3-hydroxybutyrate (10 mM) 3-hydroxybutyrate (10 mM), 2 hr ischemia Pyruvate + malate (5 mM+5 mM) Succinate (20 mM) Succinate (20 mM), 2 hr ischemia Succinate (20 mM)a Succinate (20 mM)b Pyruvate + malate (5 mM+5 mM) Succinate (10 mM) Succinate (10 mM), control Succinate (10 mM), 0.5 hr ischemia Experiment 1 and 2—incubation medium contains: 0.15 M KCl, 5 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.0. Experiment3—amitochondria were isolated in medium containing 0.3 M sucrose, 10 mM EDTA (pH 7.5); bmito-chondria were isolated with trypsin (Scholte, 1973); incubation medium: 0.15 M KCl, 5 mM KH2PO4,1 mM MgCl2, pH 7.4. Experiment 4—for experimental conditions see ‘‘Materials and Methods''.
Experiment 5—incubation medium: 110 mM KCl, 1 mM free Mg2+, 10 mM TrisHCl, 5 mM KH2PO4, 4U/ml creatine kinase, 50 mM creatine, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM ATP, pH 7.2. Measurements wereperformed in the presence of 0.12 mM atractylosidec; or 1 lg oligomycind per 1 mg mitochondrial protein.
Concentration of cytochrome c was 10 lM (exp. 1 and 2), 30 lM (exp. 3 and 4) and 75 lM (exp. 5).
RCI—respiratory control index. The numbers in parentheses indicate number of independent experiments.
Toleikis, Trumbeckaite, and Majiene Oxygen uptake rates of skinned ﬁbers were measured at 37°C with Clark-type electrode in solution B, supplemented with 2 mg/ml of BSA (Fraction V; A4503,Sigma). Respiration measurements were started immediately after preparation ofcardiac ﬁbers and isolated mitochondria. For this purpose, permeabilized heartﬁbers, ADP, ATR, cytochrome c and, in some experiments, CCCP were addedconsequtively into incubation medium containing respiratory substrate(s) (seeFig. 4). In order to assess the OMM intactness, cytochrome c was added aftermeasurement of ATR-uninhibitable respiration rate (State 4) or after addition ofADP. We chose this protocol instead of that proposed by Wojtczak et al. (1972)mainly due to following reasons: (i) the main purpose of studies was to assess NAD-and FAD- dependent respiration and the OMM integrity in one probe due to verylimited amount of human tissue biopsies; and (ii) due to low oxygen concentration atthe end of the measurement the estimation of the cytochrome c oxidase activitywithout and with detergent as proposed by Wojtczak et al. (1972) is hardly possible.
Solubility of oxygen was taken to be 422 ngatoms/ml. Fibers respiration rates were expressed as ngatomsOmin)1mg ﬁbers dry weight )1 (dry weight = wetweight before respiration measurement/4.85) (Toleikis et al., 1996). Mitochondrialrespiration rates were expressed as ngatomsOmin)1mg protein)1. The mito-chondrial protein concentration was determined by the biuret method (Gornallet al., 1949). The ﬁnal mitochondrial protein concentration in all experiments was0.5 mg/ml.
Data are presented as means ± S.E.M. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test, and p<0.05 was taken as the level of signiﬁcance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As can be seen in Fig. 1(a, b), the stimulating eﬀect of the exogenous cyto- chrome c on respiration of the control rat heart (ventricles) mitochondria in State 3,measured in situ using saponin- and saponin+collagenase-permeabilized cardiacﬁbers, is slightly higher in the case of succinate as a respiratory substrate than in thecase of pyruvate+malate. It was negligible or absent with the latter substrate. Theeffects of cytochrome c and their difference between substrates largely increased inthe case of ischemia (1 hr), which is known to produce the injury to OMM (Kayet al., 1997a, b; Toleikis et al., 1997).
It is noteworthy, that the degree of exogenous cytochrome c-induced stimula- tion of respiration of the control and ischemic rat cardiac ﬁbers with both therespiratory substrates was much higher in State 4 than in State 3, and in the case ofsuccinate used as a substrate (Fig. 1(c)). In these experiments, cytochrome c wasadded to the incubation medium after atractyloside—an inhibitor of adeninenucleotide translocase—which decreased the maximum State 3 respiration rate of themitochondria to the level characteristic of State 4.
Much higher effects of cytochrome c on State 4 respiration with succinate than with pyruvate + malate were also observed in other two separate groups ofexperiments with 1 hr ischemia-injured saponin+collagenase-treated rat cardiacﬁbers (2.56 and 2.73-fold stimulation of succinate oxidation, n=5, data not shown;compare with Fig. 1(c) for pyruvate + malate oxidation).
The Intactness of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane ControlIschemia 60min Fig. 1. The eﬀect of cytochrome c on the State 3 (a and b) and State 4(c) respiration rate of saponin—(a, c) and saponin+collagenase-per-meabilized (b) rat cardiac ﬁbers—the inﬂuence of ischemia. The standardincubation medium (see ‘‘Materials and Methods'') was supplementedwith pyruvate + malate (6 mM + 6 mM, n=5), or succinate + rote-none (10 mM + 5 lM, n=5). Additions: 1 mM ADP, 30 lM cyto-chrome c, 0.12 mM atractyloside. VADP+C/VADP—the eﬀect ofcytochrome c on State 3 respiration rate; VATR+C/VATR—the eﬀect ofcytochrome c on State 4 respiration rate. *p<0.05 vs. control, **p<0.05vs. pyruvate+malate as substrates.
saponin + collagenase-treated appendage ﬁbers respiring on succinate (Fig. 2) also demonstrated that after addi-tion of cytochrome c to the incubation medium in State 4, respiration rate increasesmuch more (about 1.4-fold) than in State 3 (when no increase was observed).
Metabolic state dependent differences in the cytochrome c effect on ﬁbers res- piration were conﬁrmed also with other substrates, palmitoyl-CoA (+L-carnitine)and octanoyl-L-carnitine (Fig. 3). The dependence of sensitivity of cytochrome c test(applied in State 4) in evaluation of the intactness of OMM on the respiratorysubstrate is also obvious. Essentially the same results as with cardiac ﬁbers wereobtained in experiments with isolated rabbit and rat heart mitochondria (Table 1).
Data presented in Table 2, show that in absolute values (ngatomsOmin)1mg ﬁbers dry weight)1 ) exogenous cytochrome c-induced increase in State 4 respirationrate is also higher than in State 3. It is in agreement with the above described relativeeﬀects (%) of cytochrome c on respiration rate.
It should be noted that the higher cytochrome c eﬀect on succinate oxidation compared to other substrates cannot be ascribed to succinate itself, i.e. its deterio-rating action on the integrity of OMM, because almost 4-fold increase in the suc-cinate concentration (up to 37 mM) did not increase the cytochrome c eﬀect on State Toleikis, Trumbeckaite, and Majiene Effect of cytochrome c 1.2
Fig. 2. The eﬀect of cytochrome c on State 3 andState 4 respiration rate of the human atrial appendageﬁbers permeabilized with saponin plus collagenase.
The standard incubation medium (see ‘‘Materials andMethods'') was supplemented with succinate +rotenone (10 mM +5 lM, n=4). Additions: 1 mMADP, 0.12 mM atractyloside, 30 lM cytochrome c.
1—the effect of cytochrome c on State 3 respirationrate; VADP+C/VADP; 2—the eﬀect of cytochrome c onatractyloside-insensitive respiration rate, VATR+C/VATR. *p<0.05 vs. VADP+C/VADP.
3 respiration rate (1.17±0.01, compared to 1.13±0.03 at 10 mM succinate, n=3).
This is also true for State 4 respiration of the ﬁbers (not shown).
In some of our experiments, in order to assess the OMM intactness cytochrome c was added after addition of ATR and measurement of State 4, i.e.
ATR-uninhibitable respiration rate as it is shown on Fig. 4. It is well known, thatATR acts as inducer of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) (for review seeZoratti and Szabo, 1995), and, thus may cause cytochrome c release from mito-chondria and related increase in the stimulating eﬀect of exogenous cytochrome c onrespiration. It is also shown (Machida et al., 2002) that ATR (0.5–2 mM) can inducecytochrome c release from isolated mouse liver mitochondria by a permeabilitytransition-independent mechanism.
However, in the presence of high concentration of ADP, Mg2+, dithiothreitol, BSA and, in some of our experiments, carnitine and acylcarnitines, mitochondrialmembrane permeabilizing action of ATR seemed to be impossible. This assumptionwas conﬁrmed in further experiments with ﬁbers and isolated heart mitochondria. Itdemonstrated that: (i) the cytochrome c equally stimulates pyruvate + malate andsuccinate oxidation in State 2 and in State 4 (Table 3), (ii) cyclosporin A, MPTinhibitor, is not eﬀective in these experiments, i.e. does not change the cytochrome ceﬀect on respiration (Tables 3 and 4; this ﬁnding was also conﬁrmed with the dogheart ventricular ﬁbers respiring on succinate; not shown), (iii) cytochrome c isequally eﬀective when ATR is substituted for oligomycin, an inhibitor of MPT The Intactness of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Effectof cytochrome c 1.2 Fig. 3. The eﬀect of cytochrome c on State 3 andState 4 respiration rate of the saponin-permeabilizedrat cardiac ventricular ﬁbers. 1—6 mM pyruvate +6 mM malate (n=4); 2—12.2 lM palmitoyl-CoA +2.41 mM L-carnitine + 0.24 mM malate (n=7);3—0.36 mM octanoyl-L-carnitine + 0.24 mM malate(n=5); 4—10 mM succinate + 5 lM rotenone(n=4). Cytochrome c concentration was 33 lM, *p<0.05 VADP+C/VADP, **p< 0.05 vs. pyr- uvate+malate as substrates. #p<0.05 vs. octanoyl-L-carnitine+malate as substrates.
(Tables 1 and 4) and (iv) CCCP, when added after ADP, ATR and cytochrome c,substantially increases respiration rate of isolated mitochondria (Fig. 4) and sapo-nin-skinned heart ﬁbers (Fig. 5). Noteworthy, CCCP eﬀect was observable also inhuman atrial appendage ﬁbers after post-ischemic (cardioplegic) reperfusion of thehearts (not shown) and, even after severe 1 hr total ischemia of the rat heart (Fig. 5).
In the latter case it was small because of signiﬁcant uncoupling of oxidative phos-phorylation induced by ischemia. Thus, these data unequivocally contradict thepossibility of MPT pore opening due to the presence of ATR in the medium andrelated increase of cytochrome c eﬀect on the ATR-uninhibitable respiration rate(State 4 respiration). Moreover, it is worth mentioning that, in agreement with Sakset al. (1998), in our experiments, low saponin concentration (50 lg/ml) used forﬁbers preparation did not aﬀect the OMM permeability: rat heart ﬁbers preparedwith or without saponin showed the identical cytochrome c-induced increase in State3 respiration rate with succinate (1.08±0.07 and 1.06±0.02 times, respectively;n=3).
The mitochondrial respiratory parameters of skinned ﬁbers in different exper- imental groups are shown in Table 5. It can be seen that (i) the State 3 and State 2respiration rates are diﬀerent with diﬀerent substrates and (ii) the State 3 ﬁbersrespiration rate with pyruvate + malate and succinate is largely decreased by 1 hrischemia showing a signiﬁcant injury of mitochondria.
Toleikis, Trumbeckaite, and Majiene Table 2. The Cytochrome c-induced Increase in Rat Heart Fibers Respiration Rate (in nga- tomsOmin)1mg Fibers Dry Weight)1) with Diﬀerent Substrates: Dependence on the Metabolic State Pyruvate + malate (4) Octanoyl-carnitine (4) For experimental conditions, see ‘‘Materials and Methods'' and legend for Fig. 3.
The numbers in parentheses indicate number of paired experiments.
*p<0.05 vs. State 3.
Table 3. The Eﬀect of Cytochrome c on Mitochondrial Respiration in Rat Heart Fibers (Fold Increase): Dependence on the Metabolic State and Presence of Cyclosporine A Pyruvate + malate Pyruvate + malate Succinate + (rotenone) For experimental conditions, see ‘‘Materials and Methods'' and legend for Fig. 3.
CsA—cyclosporin A (2 lM). Notes: (1) in experiment 2, measurements were performed using ﬁbersprepared from the same heart; (2) State 3 respiration rate was not aﬀected by exogenous cytochrome c(33 lM).
The numbers in parentheses indicate number of experiments.
Table 4. The Eﬀect of Cytochrome c on Respiration of Isolated Rat Heart Mitochondria with Succinate Fold increase of respiration rate by cytochrome c ADP, 1 mM + atractyloside, 0.12 mM ADP, 1 mM + oligomycin, 1 lg/mg protein ADP, 1 mM + atractyloside, 0.12 mM, + cyclosporin A, 2 lM For composition of incubation medium see ‘‘Materials and methods.'' Respiratory control index (respi-ration rate in State 3 divided by rate in State 2, before addition of ADP) were 1.61±0.09 (Exp. 1),1.78±0.05 (Exp. 2), 1.74±0.01 (Exp. 3) and 1.63±0.03 (Exp. 4). *p<0.05 vs. Exp. 1; no statisticallysigniﬁcant differences were observed between experiments 2, 3 and 4.
It is known that the role of a particular component of the multienzyme system in the control of the ﬂow through the system depends on the respiration rate/metabolic state of the mitochondria (Mildaziene et al., 1993; Ainscow and Brand,1995) and respiratory substrate (Mildaziene et al., 1993). Therefore, the higherstimulating eﬀects of cytochrome c on State 4 than on State 3 respiration rate (withall substrates) and on respiration with succinate than with pyruvate + malate (inboth metabolic states) revealed in this work may be explained by the higher role ofcytochrome c in the control of mitochondrial respiration in these conditions. Onthe other hand, estimation of the intactness of OMM by the cytochrome c test, in

The Intactness of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Fig. 4. Respiration of isolated rat heart mitochondria with succinate. The uppertrace indicates the oxygen concentration in the oxygraph, the lower trace repre-sents the ﬁrst derivative of these signals indicating the respiratory rate. Additions:O—isolated A2—Atractyloside (0.12 mM) A3—cytochrome c (30 lM), A4—CCCP ( 0.5 lM).
Eﬀect of cytochrome c was 2.12 times.
Total ischemia 1 h Fig. 5. Permeabilized rat heart ﬁbers respiration in diﬀerent metabolicstates of mitochondria: eﬀect of total ischemia (succinate as a substrate).
For experimental conditions see Fig. 2. p<0.05 vs. control.
the ischemia-damaged mitochondria respiring on NAD-dependent substrates aspyruvate + malate, etc., is complicated (OMM injury underestimated) becausesevere ischemia causes the damage to OMM and IMM, the loss of cytochrome c,NAD(H) as well as the other components of the mitochondrial matrix (enzymes,adenine nucleotides, etc.) and complex I activity. These alterations signiﬁcantlydecrease the State 3 respiration rate of mitochondria when the NAD-dependentsubstrates are used, whereas the succinate oxidation is aﬀected to a lesser degree. Inaddition, the succinate oxidation can be nearly completely restored by simple Toleikis, Trumbeckaite, and Majiene Table 5. Main Respiratory Parameters of Rat Cardiac Fibers Treated with Saponin alone (1) or in Combination with Collagenase (2 and 3): Eﬀect of 1 hr Ischemia Control pyruvate+malate Control succinate Control pyruvate+malate ischemia pyruvate+malate Control succinate ischemia succinate For experimental conditions, see ‘‘Materials and Methods'' and legend for Fig. 3.
* denotes statisticaly signiﬁcant eﬀect of ischemia p<0.05.
addition of cytochrome c to the incubation medium which is in contrast to pyru-vate+malate oxidation (Borutaite et al., 1996; Balasevicius et al., 1985). It means,that succinate oxidase activity decrease is mostly, if not completely, dependent onthe deﬁciency of cytochrome c. Therefore, in ischemia or other cases causing severedamage to the both mitochondrial membranes, outer and inner, succinate can besuggested as a preferable oxidizable substrate for accurate assessment of OMMintegrity.
In conclusion, it is possible to afﬁrm that in most cases the degree of injury of OMM is most sensitively estimated by cytochrome c test when the mitochondriaoxidize succinate in State 4. Probably, in these conditions, the role of cytochrome cin the control of mitochondrial respiration is mostly expressed compared to othermetabolic states and respiratory systems.
The authors wish to thank Vilmante Borutaite PhD for critical reading of the manuscript and valuable suggestions. This work was in part supported by theLithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation.
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