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Figure 7.1. Map of recommended marine use zones in Algoa Bay

Figure 7.2. Map of proposed sites for dumping dredged material and for pollution monitoring.
APPENDIX A :
APPENDIX A: LEGISLATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND
RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
Objectives
Relevant Legislation,
Responsible
Bills and Policies
Agencies
(C) Pollution (C1) Implement
Hazardous Substances Control and
pollution control control discharges Act (1973), International Health Regulations (1974), Forestry, Management management
Water Act (1956), National Health, Water Act (1998), National Provincial, Management Bill (1998), Integrated Pollution & Waste Management White Paper (1998), Provincial Planning and Environmental Acts and Ordinances Marine Pollution Act control discharges (1986), Dumping at Sea of marine-based Act (1980), Pollution of Sea by Oil Act (1981), SA Private Transport Services Act (1989), Various International Conventions, Integrated Pollution and Waste Management White Paper (1998) Disaster Management Bill Provincial (1998), National reduce pollution Management Bill (1998) Discharges to be Water Act (1956), National DEAT, Water Water Act (1998), National Affairs & support beneficial capacity of Management Act (1998) Health Act (1977), Provincial Planning Acts enjoyment of the and Ordinances & Local coast not to be Planning Policies APPENDIX B :
IMO GUIDANCE ON SAFETY ASPECTS OF BALLAST WATER
EXCHANGE AT SEA
1.1 This document is intended to provide guidance on the safety aspects of ballast water exchange at sea. The various different types of ships, which may be required to undertake ballast water exchange at sea, make it presently impractical to provide specific guidelines for each ship type. Ship owners are cautioned that they should consider the many variables that apply to their ships. Some of these variables include type and size of ship, ballast tank configurations and associated pumping systems, trading routes and associated weather conditions, State requirements at each port and manning. 1.2 Ballast water exchange at sea procedures contained in relevant management plans should be individually assessed for their effectiveness from the environmental protection point of view as well as from the point of view of their acceptability in terms of structural strength and stability. 1.3 In the absence of a more scientifically based means of control, exchange of ballast water in deep ocean areas or open seas currently offers a means of limiting the probability that fresh water or coastal aquatic species will be transferred in ballast water. Two methods of carrying out ballast water exchange at sea have been identified:
the sequential method, in which ballast tanks are pumped out and refilled with clean
the flow-through method, in which ballast tanks are simultaneously filled and discharged by pumping in clean water. Safety precautions
Ships engaged in ballast water exchange at sea should be provided with applicable procedures, which will account for the following:
avoidance of over and under-pressurization of ballast tanks
free surface effects on stability and sloshing loads in tanks that may be slack at any one
admissible weather conditions
weather routeing in areas seasonably affected by cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes, or heavy icing conditions
maintenance of adequate intact stability in accordance with an approved trim and stability
permissible seagoing strength limits of shear forces and bending moments in accordance with an approved loading manual
torsional forces, where relevant.
minimum/maximum forward and aft draughts
wave-induced hull vibration
documented records of ballasting and/or de-ballasting
contingency procedures for situations which may affect the ballast water exchange at sea, including deteriorating weather conditions, pump failure, loss of power, etc
time to complete the ballast water exchange or an appropriate sequence thereof, taking into account that the ballast water may represent 50 % of the total cargo capacity for some ships and
monitoring and controlling the amount of ballast water. If the flow-through method is used, caution should be exercised, as:
air pipes are not designed for continuous ballast water overflow
current research indicates that pumping of at least three full volumes of the tank capacity could be needed to be effective when filling clean water from the bottom and overflowing from the top and
watertight and weather tight closures (e.g. manholes), which may be opened during ballast exchange, should be re-secured. Ballast water exchange at sea should be avoided in freezing weather conditions. However, when it is deemed absolutely necessary, particular attention should be paid to the hazards associated with the freezing of overboard discharge arrangements, air pipes, ballast system valves together with their means of control, and the accretion of ice on deck. Some ships may need the fitting of a loading instrument to perform calculations of shear forces and bending moments induced by ballast water exchange at sea and to compare with the permissible strength limits. An evaluation should be made of the safety margins for stability and strength contained in allowable seagoing conditions specified in the approved trim and stability booklet and the loading manual, relevant to individual types of ships and loading conditions. In this regard particular account should be taken of the following requirements:
stability should be maintained at all times to values not less than those recommended by the Organization
longitudinal stress values should not exceed those permitted by the ship's classification society with regard to prevailing sea conditions and
exchange of ballast in tanks or holds where significant structural loads may be generated by sloshing action in the partially filled tank or hold should be carried out in favourable sea and swell conditions so that the risk of structural damage is minimized. The ballast water management plan should include a list of circumstances in which ballast water exchange should not be undertaken. These circumstances may result from critical situations of an exceptional nature, force majeure due to stress of weather, or any other circumstances in which human life or safety of the ship is threatened. Crew training and familiarisation
The ballast water management plan should include the nomination of key shipboard control personnel undertaking ballast water exchange at sea. Ships' officers and ratings engaged in ballast water exchange at sea should be trained in and familiarized with the following:
the ship's pumping plan, which should show ballast pumping arrangements, with positions of associated air and sounding pipes, positions of all compartment and tank suctions and pipelines connecting them to ship's ballast pumps and, in the case of use of the flow- through method of ballast water exchange, the openings used for release of water from the top of the tank together with overboard discharge arrangements
the method of ensuring that sounding pipes are clear, and that air pipes and their non- return devices are in good order
the different times required to undertake the various ballast water exchange operations
the methods in use for ballast water exchange at sea if applicable with particular reference to required safety precautions and
the method of on-board ballast water record keeping, reporting and recording of routine APPENDIX C :
EXAMPLE OF AQIS BALLAST WATER REPORTING FORM

AQIS - BALLAST WATER REPORTING FORM
Quarantine Act 1908

DATE OF EFFECT 1 MAY 1999
TO BE COMPLETED BY ALL VESSELS GREATER THAN 25 METRES NOT EQUIPPED WITH A FAX
AND TO BE PROVIDED TO AQIS PRIOR TO VESSEL'S FIRST AUSTRALIAN PORT ARRIVAL.
MUST ACCOMPANY AQIS QUARANTINE DECLARATION FOR VESSELS FORM.
PLEASE TELEX YOUR ANSWERS ONLY IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER AND UNDER THE FOLLOWING
HEADINGS. IT IS ONLY NECESSARY TO TYPE THE NUMBER AND LETTER PRECEDING THE QUESTION AND TO PROVIDE THE ANSWERS. 1. DO YOU INTEND DISCHARGING ANY BALLAST WATER IN AN AUSTRALIAN PORT? Answer by writing YES or NO If yes - refer to questions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 AND 8 If no - refer to 2, 3, 4, 7 AND 8 only 2. VESSEL INFORMATION Next Port/s in Australia Total Ballast on Board in Total Ballast Capacity in Total Number of Ballast LAST THREE (3) PORTS, DATES AND COUNTRIES OF BALLAST WATER Port (Last Port) Port (2nd Last Port) Port (3rd Last Port) 5. BALLAST WATER HISTORY Record requested details for all tanks that will be discharged in Australian ports for current voyage. This section must be completed separately for each tank that will be discharged in Australian waters (unless tank sizes and ballast water volumes are identical). Answer all questions for each tank in Section 5 before moving onto Section 6. 5A Ballast Water Source Date of Uptake DDMMYY Port Name, or if not at Port Lat. Long (DEGREES ONLY, NO MINUTES) Vol. Taken Up (in metric Exchange method was empty-refill OR flow-through. Answer by listing one of these methods Date/s of exchange Start Point Lat. Long. (DEGREES ONLY, NO MINUTES) End Point Lat. Long. (DEGREES ONLY, NO MINUTES) Volume Exchange ( in metric % Exchange (percentage of original ballast volume exchanged) BW Discharge – best estimate of volume to be discharged Australian Port/s of Date/s of Discharge Volume of Discharge (in BALLAST WATER TANK CODES Full Tank - F Fore peak – FP Aft peak – AP Double Bottom – DB Wing – WT Topside – TS Cargo Hold – CH Other - specify. 6. REASONS FOR FAILURE TO EXCHANGE If exchanges were not conducted in any of the tanks/holds listed above, please list tank/hold and state reason why not. This Section MUST be completed if mid-ocean exchange was not achieved. 7. BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT PLANS 7A Plan for ballast water management on board, write YES or NO Has this been implemented, OFFICER'S DECLARATION 8A Responsible officer name and rank
IF YOU HAVE VISITED IN THE LAST THREE (3) MONTHS, REPORT DATE
BALLAST WATER LEVY LAST PAID
Note - Masters or Delegated Officers who wilfully make a false statement may be liable
to a significant fine and/or imprisonment under Australian Law.


BALLAST WATER REPORTING FORM (Page 1) ♦ TO BE COMPLETED BY ALL VESSELS >25 METRES AND TO BE FORWARDED TO AQIS PRIOR TO VESSEL'S AUSTRALIAN QUARANTINE Commonwealth of Australia Quarantine Act 1908 (DATE OF EFFECT: 1 MAY 1999) FIRST PORT ARRIVAL. AND INSPECTION SERVICE ♦ MUST ACCOMPANY AQIS QUARANTINE DECLARATION FOR 1. DO YOU INTEND DISCHARGING ANY BALLAST WATER IN AN AUSTRALIAN PORT? TICK THE BOX YES - complete questions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , 8 NO - complete question 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8 IMO/(Lloyds) No.: Next Ports in Australia: 3. BALLAST WATER: 4. LAST THREE (3) PORTS, DATES AND COUNTRIES OF BALLAST WATER UPTAKE Total Bal ast on Board (Metric tonnes): Last PORT and DATE: Total Bal ast Capacity (Metric tonnes): 2nd Last PORT and DATE: Total Number of Bal ast Tanks: 3rd Last PORT and DATE: 5. BALLAST WATER HISTORY ON PAGE 2: RECORD ALL TANKS THAT WILL BE DISCHARGED IN AUSTRALIAN PORTS FOR CURRENT VOYAGE ON PAGE 2 (ATTACHED) - PLEASE SEND BOTH PAGES TOGETHER 6. IF EXCHANGES WERE NOT CONDUCTED OR NOT EXCHANGED FULLY IN ANY OF THE TANKS/HOLDS LISTED IN QUESTION FIVE, PLEASE STATE REASON WHY NOT 7. IS THERE A PLAN FOR BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT ON BOARD? TICK THE BOX YES NO HAS THIS BEEN IMPLEMENTED? TICK THE BOX YES NO 8. OFFICER'S DECLARATION: NAME (PRINT) RANK: _ OFFICER'S SIGNATURE: DATE: _/ _/ _ IF YOU HAVE VISITED IN THE LAST THREE (3) MONTHS, REPORT DATE BALLAST WATER LEVY LAST PAID: _ Note: Masters (or Delegated Officer) who wilfully make a false statement, may be liable to a significant fine and/or imprisonment under Australian Law BALLAST WATER REPORTING FORM (Page 2) ♦ THIS COMPLETED FORM MUST BE ATTACHED TO PAGE 1 AUSTRALIAN QUARANTINE Commonwealth of Australia Quarantine Act 1908 (DATE OF EFFECT: 1 MAY 1999) BEFORE SUBMISSION AND INSPECTION SERVICE (QUESTION 5. CONT'D) VESSEL INFORMATION: Name: IMO/(Lloyds) No.: BW SOURCE
BW EXCHANGE
Method used (tick the box): Empty/Refill OR Flow Through BEST ESTIMATE OF BW
DISCHARGE
If estimate changes, please submit amended form to AQIS – mark it Last Location of Port name or if not at Port, Lat and Long BALLAST WATER TANK CODES: Forepeak = FP; Aftpeak = AP; Bottom = B; Double Bottom = DB; Wing = WT; Topside = TS; Cargo Hold = CH; Other (specify) = O OFFICER'S DECLARATION: NAME (PRINT) RANK: _ OFFICER'S SIGNATURE: _ DATE: / / _ Note: Masters (or Delegated Officer) who wilfully make a false statement, may be liable to a significant fine and/or imprisonment under Australian Law RETURN TO PAGE 1
AUSTRALIAN QUARANTINE AND INSPECTION SERVICE
Department of AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY - AUSTRALIA
Instructions for completing the AQIS ballast water reporting form

General
The AQIS Ballast Water Reporting Form must be completed by all international ships
before visiting their first Australian port of call, and must be sent to AQIS with the AQIS
Quarantine Declaration for Vessels form. The Quarantine Declaration must be completed
no more than 24 hours and no less than 12 hours before a ship enters its first Australian
port of call. Instructions are provided below for each request on the Ballast Form.
Please provide the date you last paid the Ballast Water Levy if you have visited an
Australian Port in the last three months.

1. Ballast Water Intentions - THIS MUST BE ANSWERED
Do you intend discharging any ballast water in any Australian port?
Tick YES if the ship intends discharging ballast water in any Australian port, otherwise tick

If the answer to this question is YES, then comprehensive information on each ballast tank
that will be discharged in any Australian port should be provided in accordance with the
requests under section 5, Ballast Water History. If ballast water exchange has not been
fully undertaken in any of the tanks listed for discharge in an Australian port, then Question
6 MUST be completed, giving reasons for not exchanging, and/or not exchanging fully.
If the answer to this question is NO, then there is no need to complete the requests for
information at Section 5 or 6. Please fill out sections 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8.
Fresh Water: If all tanks intended for discharge are carrying water from freshwater
environments, write ‘FRESH WATER ONLY".
2. Vessel Information

This section requires standard ship information.
Name: Print the name of the ship clearly.
Type: List specific ship type, i.e. bulk, roro, container, tanker, passenger, oil/bulk ore,
general cargo, reefer, etc.
Manager: Print the name of the ship's Manager.
IMO/(Lloyd's) No.: Fill in the ship's unique identification number, as used by the IMO.
Gross Tonnage: Provide the gross tonnage of the ship.
Agent: List the agent used for this voyage. If your ship is visiting more than one
Australian port and you propose using different agents in each Australian port, please list
all agents in order of Australian first and last port visits.
Arrival Date: Fill in the arrival date for the first Australian port of call. Please use the
format DD/MM/YY.
Arrival Port: Write in the name of the intended first Australian port of call.

Next Port/s in Australia: Write in any other ports in Australia that the ship intends visiting
after leaving its first Australian port of call. Please list in sequential order of visit.
3. Ballast Water

This section requires information on the expected total ballast carried on board when
entering Australian waters, the ship's ballast capacity, and the total number of ballast
tanks on the ship including any cargo holds used for ballast on the voyage to Australia.
Total Ballast on Board (in metric tonnes): What is the total volume of ballast water on
board upon arrival at the ship's first Australian port of call.
Total Ballast Capacity (in metric tonnes): What is the maximum volume of ballast water
that can be carried by this ship.
Total Number of Ballast Tanks: List the total number of ballast tanks on the ship.
Include any holds that are used for ballast water.
4. Last Three (3) Ports, Dates and Countries of Ballast
Water Uptake

This section requires information on the last three ports and dates of ballast uptake before
a ship enters its first Australian port of call. The ports and countries should be listed by
name. The dates should be expressed in DD/MM/YY.
List the ports as most recent port of ballast water uptake at (i), the second most recent at
(ii), and the third most recent at (iii).
Where there has been no uptake of ballast in a port or nearby coastal waters, state "MID-
OCEAN UPTAKE ONLY" in each box.
On the telex version of the Ballast Water Reporting Form, list the ports as most recent port
of ballast water uptake at (4Ai), the second most recent at (4Bii), and the third most recent
at (4Ciii).
5. Ballast Water History

This section MUST be completed if you intend discharging ballast water in an Australian
port, or ports. It will allow AQIS to determine whether sufficient ballast water exchange
has occurred. As the Form is to be forwarded before a ship's arrival in port, the volume of
discharge should be estimated. If this estimation changes once a ship has reached port,
AQIS should be notified as volumes discharged may be verified by an AQIS officer.
Tanks/Holds: Please list all ballast tanks and holds that will be discharged in Australian
waters. Complete the questions across the page for each tank (see further down for
instructions). List each tank on a separate line (unless two tanks, i.e. opposing wing
tanks, are precisely identical in every detail, e.g. WT 2 & 4). Use the tank abbreviations
listed at the bottom of Section 5 on the form. If there is insufficient space to complete
information for each tank in relation to each port of discharge, the Form can be copied and
another sheet used for the additional information. In this case it is only necessary to
provide the Ship Name and IMO/Lloyd's No. on a third sheet, as well as continuing the
completion of information under 5. Ballast Water History.
BW Source

Date of Uptake DDMMYY: Write the date of ballast water uptake. Please use the format
DD/MM/YY.
Last Port of Uptake: List the port where ballast water was last taken up for the voyage.
If ballast water was not taken up at a port, please list the coordinates of uptake using
degrees only (DO NOT USE MINUTES).
Vol. Taken Up (in metric tonnes): Record the volume of ballast water uptake.
BW Exchange
THIS MUST BE COMPLETED. Tick method of exchange i.e. empty/refill AND/OR
flow-through for three times flow through method (see Australian Ballast Water
Guidelines for details).
Date/s of Exchange DDMMYY: Write in date of ballast water exchange, using the format
DD/MM/YY. If exchanges occurred over multiple days, list the range of days over which
exchange occurred, using the format DD1∏DD2/MM/YY, where DD1 is the starting date for
exchange and DD2 is the finishing date of exchange.
Start Point Lat. Long.: Report location where ballast water exchange began using
degrees only (DO NOT USE MINUTES).
End Point Lat. Long.: Report location where ballast water exchange ended using
degrees only (DO NOT USE MINUTES).
Volume Exchanged (in metric tonnes): Record the volume of ballast water exchanged.

% Exchange:
Use the formula: % Exchange =
Total volume of refill or flow - through water X 100 Original volume of ballast water List the volume of ballast water that, in the case of empty/refill, should be as close to 100% as possible. For flow through exchange the volume flowed through the tanks should be three times the volume originally held in the tanks, i.e. this figure should be at least 300%. BW Discharge
If a ship intends discharging at more than one Australian port, then all ports of discharge
must be noted, and best estimates of volumes to be discharged at each port should be
entered. This will require repeat listings of those tanks intended for discharge at more
than one Australian Port. If best estimate changes, please submit amended Ballast Water
Reporting Form to AQIS. Mark it "AMENDED".

Australian Port/s of Discharge: Report intended location, using port name of ballast
water discharge. Do not abbreviate port names.
Date/s of Discharge DDMMYY: Write in intended date of ballast water discharge, using
the format DD/MM/YY. If discharge will occur over multiple days, list the range of days
over which discharge is intended to occur, using the format DD1∏DD2/MM/YY, where DD1
is the starting date for discharge and DD2 is the finishing date of discharge.
Vol. Of Discharge (in metric tonnes): Record the volume of ballast water intended for
discharge (in metric tonnes). This should be as accurate an estimation as possible.
6. Reason for Failure to Exchange
This section seeks an explanation for the failure to fully exchange ballast water in mid-ocean of any or all of its tanks intended for discharge in an Australian port. Reasons for failure to exchange may be that exchange was unsafe due to weather, or the structural capacity of the ship. If weather is proposed as a reason for failure to exchange, this may
be verified by AQIS using the mid-ocean coordinates travelled by the ship and weather
reports. If structural safety is proposed, an AQIS officer may ask to see the ship's ballast
water management plan, ISM Plan, or other documentation to verify this.

If exchanges were not conducted in any of the tanks/holds listed above, please
state reasons why not: List specific reasons why ballast water exchange was not
performed. This applies to all tanks being discharged in Australian waters.
7. Ballast Water Management Plans

The Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water to Minimize the
Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens adopted by the IMO in November
1997, ask that ships carry ballast water management plans on board. This will mean that
ballasting processes are well documented and the structural capacity of the ship to
exchange ballast in mid-ocean will be verified. The Plan was developed by the
International Chamber of Shipping and Intertanko and a model is available from fax: + 44
171 417 8877, or e-mail: [email protected].
Ballast water management plan on board. Is there a plan for ballast water
management on board this ship as defined under the IMO Ballast Water Guidelinesγ and
the Australian Ballast Water Management Guidelines? YOU MUST tick Yes or No. This
Plan was only recently developed by the IMO, and although not a mandatory requirement
by Australia, ships are encouraged to develop and maintain on board a ballast water
management plan.
Has this been implemented? Was the plan implemented on the voyage to Australian
waters? Tick Yes or No.
8. Officer's Declaration

Responsible officer's name and title (printed) and signature: Print name, rank and
include signature. Date the form DDMMYY.
Note: Masters or Delegated Officers who wilfully make a false statement may be
liable to a significant fine and/or imprisonment under Australian law.

Disclaimer
By accessing the information presented through this media, each user waives and
releases the Commonwealth of Australia to the full extent permitted by law from
any and all claims relating to the usage of material or information made available
through the system. In no event shall the Commonwealth of Australia be liable for
any incidental or consequential damages resulting from use of the material. In
particular and without limit to the generality of the above, information provided in
publications of the Commonwealth Government is considered to be true and
correct at the time of publication. Changes in circumstances after time of
publication may impact on the accuracy of this information and the
Commonwealth Government gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any
information or advice contained.
γ‘Guidelines for the control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water to Minimise the Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organism and Pathogens', Res. A. 868(20). APPENDIX D :
LONDON DUMPING CONVENTION – ANNEX I SUBSTANCES
Heavy metals (ppm dry weight) Territory Organohalogen compounds Organochlorine - 0,05 Hexachlorobenzene Persistent plastics Canada: 4% by volume, suitably comminuted. Oils Canada: Any quantity that yields less than or equal to 10 ppm of n-hexane-soluble substances. Quebec: 1000 ppm (dry weight) Ontario: 1500 ppm. 11 Sediments containing Appendix D substances in quantities higher than the lower level, special care techniques must be applied. For those containing levels higher than the upper level, there must be effective isolation from the environment. 12 Sediments with Appendix D substances higher than the levels indicated in the table are prohibited from dumping. 13 Sediments with Appendix D substances higher than the levels indicated are prohibited from dumping. 14Sediments containing substances higher than the lower level given in the Table require Special Permits, while those with levels above the upper limit require an Environmental Impact Assessment. 15 Sediments with levels of substances above the lower levels shown in the Table require "special care" procedures, while those with levels above the upper limits are prohibited from dumping. 16 For Schedule I substances under the Ocean Dumping Control Act (1975 source - may be out of date). APPENDIX E :
LONDON DUMPING CONVENTION – ANNEX II SUBSTANCES
Heavy metals (ppm dry weight) APPENDIX F :
INTERPRETATION OF LONDON DUMPING CONVENTION
TERMINOLOGY (FROM: GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT
OF DREDGE SPOIL IN SOUTH AFRICAN COASTAL WATERS)

"Rapidly rendered harmless"

In terms of Interim Guidelines adopted and amended at various Consultative Meetings of the
contracting parties to the London Convention, "rapidly rendered harmless" is taken to mean:
"if tests of the waste or other matter proposed for dumping, including tests on the persistence of the material, show that the substances can be dumped so as not to cause acute or chronic effects or bioaccumulation in sensitive marine organisms typical of the marine ecosystem at the disposal site. A persistent substance should not be regarded as "harmless" except when it is present as a "trace contaminant".
The Interim Guidelines also outline test procedures to be used in making such assessments.
"Trace amounts"
While the Interim Guidelines do not give any recommendations on what levels of contaminants
should be regarded as "trace amounts", they do give a list of what should not be considered as
trace contaminants. These include:
•
"If they are present in otherwise acceptable wastes or other materials to which they have been added for the purpose of being dumped; "If they occur in such amounts that the dumping of the wastes or other materials could cause undesirable effects, especially the possibility of chronic or acute toxic effects on marine organisms or human health whether or not arising from their bioaccumulation in marine organisms and especially in food species; and "If they are present in such amounts that it is practical to reduce their concentration further by technical means."
"Significant amounts"

The 8th Consultative Meeting of the London Convention agreed on the following
interpretations:
Pesticides (other than those covered by 0.05% or more by weight in the waste
Appendix D) and their by-products, and lead or other matter
and lead compounds
Arsenic, copper and its compounds, zinc and 0.1% or more by weight
its compounds, organosilicon compounds,
cyanides, and fluorides
"De minimus" levels

The concept of "de minimis" levels for radioactive materials was introduced after the Resolution
by Contracting Parties at the Consultative Meeting in November 1993 to permanently phase
out the dumping of radioactive waste at sea - except for waste in which radioactive material
was present only at "de minimis" levels. The International Atomic Energy Agency is currently
working on producing recommendations as to what these levels should be.
Action levels
The interpretations outlined above do little to provide concrete criteria against which sediments
can be assessed for permitting purposes - at least for Appendix I substances - and essentially
allow national authorities total discretion over what is acceptable or not. Their application is also
dependent to a large extent on complex assessment procedures involving both chemical
analysis and bioassays. For many contracting parties such testing is simply impracticable, and,
especially since the general acceptance of the Waste Assessment Framework17, there has
been a move to establish "Action Levels" which would streamline assessment procedures. It is
proposed that such "Action Levels" form an integral part of the assessment of dredged spoil in
South Africa. Appendix G reviews "Action Levels" as adopted by other contracting parties,
together with proposals for "Action Levels" for South Africa.
APPENDIX G :
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
AS DEFINED BY THE NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AND TOURISM FOR THE
MANAGEMENT OF DREDGE SPOIL IN SOUTH AFRICAN
COASTAL WATERS

A: Preliminary assessment of dredging site for new development

The first step is to evaluate the status of the site to be dredged on the basis of existing
information.
i) If so, do they suggest that the area is contaminated or uncontaminated. If contaminated, then
a full chemical assessment must be undertaken.
ii) If the reports indicate no contamination, then it must be determined whether the position
might have changed since the publication of the report/s?
17 The WAF is a practical procedure, which has been provisionally adopted by the Contracting Parties to the London Convention for the purposes of managing wastes in compliance with the terms of the Convention by providing a set of technical protocols for the evaluation of wastes and associated circumstances.
Other potential sources include rivers, which may be carrying pollution loads from sources
upstream. If so, then a full chemical assessment must be undertaken. If not, then the site can
be assumed to be uncontaminated.
iii) If there are no reports, then information must be obtained as to whether there is any
industrial development or other potential source of pollutants in the vicinity of the site. Other
potential sources include rivers, which may be carrying pollution loads from sources upstream.
If so, then a full chemical assessment must be undertaken. If not, then the site can be assumed
to be uncontaminated.
B: Assessment of maintenance dredging operation

The first step again should be an evaluation of existing information.
i) If the sediments in the area have been tested and demonstrated to be clean (against the
criteria outlined in Section E below) within the last 5 years, and no new potential sources of
contaminants have been established, then the sediments can be considered to be
uncontaminated.
ii) If the sediments in the area have either never been tested, or they have previously been
shown to be contaminated, then they must be tested using the procedures outlined in Section
E.
C: Beneficial Uses

Dredged spoil - particularly if it is uncontaminated - can be used for a variety of purposes,
including:
i) Engineering purposes:
- Land creation
- Land improvement
- Offshore berms
- Capping
- Replacement fill
- Beach nourishment (currently accounts for some 70% of dredged spoil in South Africa,
primarily in Durban and Richards Bay).
ii) Agricultural/ Product uses
- Topsoil
- Aquaculture
- Construction materials
iii) Environmental enhancement
- Wetland creation
- Upland habitat
- Fisheries improvement
The harbour authorities should actively investigate opportunities to make constructive use of
dredged spoil.
D: Dumpsite selection

The number of dumpsites used should be limited as far as possible. In selecting dumpsites, the
following issues should be taken into consideration:
i. Dumping should not lead to interference with other beneficial uses including shipping, fishing, recreation, mariculture etc. ii. Dumping should not impact on ecologically important sites such as spawning grounds, feeding grounds, or habitats of vulnerable or endangered species. iii. Dumping should not take place in areas where the physical characteristics make it vulnerable to the build-up of pollutants that could lead to eutrophication, oxygen depletion, blanketing of the seafloor etc. iv. Where wave and current movement at the dumpsite is limited, there should be a dispersive style of disposal to facilitate the spread of dumped materials. v. Sediments in the dredged material and the receiving area should be similar as far as
E: Chemical Characterisation of Sediments

This process should provide a general description of the sediments, as well as an indication of
the level of contamination by Annex I and Annex II substances. The results can then be
compared to the "Action Levels" to categorise the sediments into one of three groups as
follows:
i) Trace or insignificant contamination
ii) Moderately contaminated
iii) Highly contaminated
The steps to be followed are:
a) Sampling

Sampling of sediments from the proposed dredging site should represent the vertical and
horizontal distribution and variability of the material to be dredged. Samples should be spaced
to identify between non-contaminated and contaminated locations. For further details of
sampling procedures, see Section A.
b) General description

-
total volume to be dredged, as well as a breakdown of estimated volumes from each area of the harbour. visual determination of sediment characteristics (clay-silt/sand/gravel/boulder) (for contaminated sites a proper grain-size analysis might be required).
c) Chemical Analysis: List of contaminants to be measured.

At the time of a first application for dumping from a specific harbour area - or at the time of the
first application after the introduction of these guidelines - the sediments should, as a minimum,
be analysed for the Appendix H and I substances:
Should the initial survey indicate the presence of only a limited number of these contaminants,
then the list could be limited accordingly in discussion with MCM, and on a case-by-case basis.
d) Comparison with Action Levels

Sediments will be considered to be uncontaminated (trace or insignificant contamination) if they
contain levels of Appendix H and I substances less than the lower of those levels summarised
in Table G.1.
F: Biological testing

While chemical analysis may reveal the presence of various contaminants in sediments, this
does not necessarily mean that the sediments will result in biological harm. The contaminants
may, for example, be present in a form in which they are not "available" to organisms i.e. they
are biochemically inert. The next step for moderately contaminated sediments, therefore, would
be to test for such bioavailability. Such tests should measure for acute and chronic toxicity to
selected marine organisms, as well as the potential for bioaccumulation.
G: "Special Care" Techniques (Numbering system?)
Some of the "special care" techniques reportedly used by other countries include: • careful selection of dump sites, especially for highly polluted sediments silt screens to avoid the spread of fine particulate matter for moderately polluted sediments effective isolation from the environment for highly polluted sediments by dumping into specialised marine disposal pits and capping with clean sediment.
Table G.1. Suggested Action/Prohibition levels for various substances (based on values from
the international literature as shown in the Tables below). Ranges are in parts per million
(ppm).
Action level
Prohibition
Appendix H substances Cadmium or for a combined level of these two Persistent plastics: 4% by volume, suitably comminuted. Radioactive materials: to be determined by the Appendix I substances Special care
Prohibition
or a combined level of these substances: Organosilicon compounds * According to the agreement at the 8th Consultative Meeting, significant amounts of these
substances were >= 0,1% by weight, or 0,5% by weight for lead and pesticides.

Sampling Procedures and Analytical Techniques

General: Laboratories that perform the analyses should be "accredited". The accreditation
procedure would take the form of an inter-calibration exercise to be set up by the Pollution
Division of Marine and Coastal Management, with MCM supplying a set of reference
sediments. This would be repeated every 3 years.
A: Sediment sampling
Sampling of sediments from the proposed dredging site should represent the vertical and horizontal distribution and variability of the material to be dredged. Samples should be spaced to identify between non-contaminated and contaminated locations. Sampling should be done, by using a barrel core as described in Loring and Rantala18.
B: Analytical techniques (chemical)

Heavy metals
Sample preparation: Teflon bomb acid digestion13.
Analysis:
Mercury: Cold vapour atomic absorption13. Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Zinc, Beryllium, Chromium, Nickel, Vanadium: Flame and graphite furnace Atomic Absorption13. Arsenic: Hydride generation Atomic Absorption Hydrocarbons Two tests should be conducted: one for total hydrocarbons, and one for polycyclic aromatics (PAHs). Extraction: One phase CHCL3-MeOH Bligh and Dyer method19. Separation: Aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAH by silicic acid column chromatography20 Total hydrocarbons: Gas chromatography21. PAH analysis: Gas chromatography - Mass Spectrometry using 2,3 benzfluorine as an internal standard15. 18 Loring, D.H. & Rantala, R.T.T. (1992). Manual for the geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter. Earth Science Reviews 32: 235 - 283. 19 White, D.C., Bobbie, R.J., Herron, J.S., King, J.D. and Morrison, S.J. (1979) Biochemical measurements of microbial biomass and activity from environmental samples. IN Native Aquatic Bacteria: Enumeration, Activity and Ecology. (Eds) J.W. Costerton and R.R. Colwell. pp. 69 - 81. (ASTM STP 695). 20 Leeming, R. & Nichols, P.D. (1991). An integrated scheme to analyse naturally occurring and pollutant organic constituents in urban sewage. Proceedings Bioaccumulation Workshop. Sydney. 21 Nichols, P.D., Volkman, J.K., Palmisano, A.C., Smith, G.A. and White, D.C. (1988) Occurrence of an isoprenoid C25 diunsaturated alkene and high neutral lipid content in Antarctic sea-ice diatom communities. J.Phycology 24: 90 - 96. LIST OF CONTAMINATS TO BE MEASURED

ANNEX I SUBSTANCES


- organohalogen compounds:
hexachlorobenzene
mercury and mercury compounds
cadmium and cadmium compounds
persistent plastics
petroleum hydrocarbons
radioactive materials
materials produced for biological or chemical warfare.


ANNEX II SUBSTANCES

arsenic
copper and its compounds organosilicon compounds zinc and its compounds In addition, where there are known sources of particular pollutants not listed here, such pollutants should be included in the analyses. APPENDIX H :
NON-QUANTITATIVE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLY LIST FOR AN
EMERGENCY FACILITY FOR THE REHABILITATION OF OILED
PENGUINS
All supplies should be properly planned for, prepared, stored within easy reach and regularly maintained. Medical supplies with a limited life span need special attention in this regard. Equipment

For Pens:
welded mesh strips (app. 20 m X 0.8m)
broom handles
weights
spotlights
Washbays:
containers
gas geysers
piping (gas)
piping (water)
assorted fittings for gas and water
hose sprays
plastic drums (full height)
plastic drums (3/4 height)
plastic drums (1/2 height)
washing bowls
spray bottles
water/soap bowls
tooth brushes
lights and electrical fittings
high pressure spray cleaners
Hospital:
pen stocks
microscope
liquidizer
autoclave
fridge/freezer
refractometer
centrifuge
feeding tubes
heaters
infrared lights
nebulising box
knives
cutting boards
Fish preparation:
tent
tables
feeding bowls
milk crates
knives
cutting boards
Hygiene:
Vircon S
plastic baths
floor brushes
degreaser
soap
General:
shadecloth
assorted tools
rubber/plastic matting
fire hose
garden hose
spray nozzles
assorted hose fittings
buckets
towels
assorted plastic crates
newspaper
electrical cables and fittings
infra red lamps
cable ties
material for pool access steps
material for pool access ramps
first aid kit

Catering:
field kitchen
tables
chairs
cutlery & crockery
Office:
telephone
fax
computer
Internet
E-mail
cell phones
hand held radios
stationery
Protective clothing:
gumboots
gloves
overalls
eye protectors
arm protectors
finger protectors
oilskins tops
oilskin bottoms
Pre-packaged medical supplies (to be finalized in discussion with a veterinarian)
Stabilization packs for use during capture and in the centre, each pack catering for 50 birds:
PPR:
Ringers lactate
Darrows
Terramycin eye ointment
Iron injections
Amphagel
Newcastle vaccine
stomach tubes
syringes needles
plastic flipper bands
Medical pack for use at emergency facility, each pack catering for 50 birds:
Ensure
Milton solution
Darrows
Charcoal
Ivermectin
Vit-B complex
Savlon foot cream
Dermatex eye ointment
Aqueous cream
Betadine ointment
Sterile water
Iron Dextran
Vitamin A
Deltacortril
Bayetril
Fisheater tablets
Lotagen gel
Tears Naturale Ringers Lactate Advanced medical pack for ICU: capacity 20 birds (includes euthanasia and vaccination): to be prepared in consultation with a qualified veterinarian

Source: http://fred.csir.co.za/project/CIP_EIA/pages/Algoa_Bay_Management_Plan_Dec99.pdf