Marys Medicine

Phylogenetic systematics of colotis and associated genera (lepidoptera: pieridae): evolutionary and taxonomic implications

Phylogenetic systematics of Colotis L = )33610.72878). Nodes are numbered, and support values are presented in Table S4. Inferred groups of Colotis are identified with Romannumerals. Red branches show taxa with a varying position between ML and Bayesian phylogenies (Fig. 2) inapplicability of this range of markers for inferring phylog- followed by much longer branches (Kodandaramaiah and enies at least in this group of butterflies. Some factors that may Wahlberg 2009; Kodandaramaiah et al. 2010). Some of these explain the low support values include the following: (i) poor effects can be potentially alleviated by adding more basal taxa outgroup sampling; (ii) extremely old age of radiation beyond or removing rogue taxa from the analysis. However, our the range of the markers; (iii) extinction of intermediate outgroup taxa included all major groups of Pieridae, and lineages or species and presence of floating taxa, like Gideona removal of the rogue taxa (e.g. Hebomoia, Ixias and Calopieris) that reduce the overall support at the base or among the in- did not affect the overall support values in a substantial way group taxa; and (iv) presence of hard polytomies resulting (data not shown). No hard or near-hard polytomies were from rapid speciation, where very short internal branches are evident in our trees, and previous studies employing molecular J Zool Syst Evol Res (2011) 49(3), 204–215  2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH

Nazari, Larsen, Lees, Brattstro ¨ m, Bouyer, Van de Poel and Hebert Fig. 2. Bayesian tree for Pieridae inferred through MrBayes analysis (Tree Length = 6806 steps, CI = 0.2470, RI = 0.4670, )lnL = )39738.22794). The results of the diva analysis are given for Colotis and related taxa, with maxtrees set to 2 ancestral areas. Coloured cladesindicate Colotis groups identified through this study, and red branches highlight taxa with a varying position between Bayesian and maximumlikelihood phylogenies (Fig. 1). Figured species are, from top to bottom, Calopieris eulimene, Hebomoia glaucippe, Nepheronia argia, Pinacopteryxeriphia, Teracolus eris, Colotis incretus, Colotis evanthe evanthides, Colotis evenina, Colotis amata, Colotis ungemachi, Colotis zoe and Colotis ione clock methods do not report an extremely old age for the The position of the Malagasy genus Gideona as sister to group (Braby et al. 2007; Wheat et al. 2007).
Pinacopteryx + Teracolus, although weakly supported, is The position of Calopieris as sister to Eronia (Fig. 1), consistent with previous findings (Braby et al. 2006). The Pierinae (Fig. 2) or Hebomoia + Anthocharidini (beast, not adult of Gideona lucasi is superficially reminiscent of Hebo- shown) is also not well supported, but it strongly suggests that moia, and in the past this species has been included in the the morphologically distinct Calopieris belongs well outside genus Colotis. Our diva analysis suggests that the last common Colotis sensu lato. Similarly, Ixias and Hebomoia have ancestor of this group with Ixias and Eronia flew in Africa, and unstable positions across our molecular reconstructions. The subsequently dispersed to Madagascar (Gideona) and India deep divergence between E. leda and E. cleodora barcodes (Ixias, Eronia). Independent dispersals to Madagascar are also (15.9 ± 0.21%), their completely different colour patterns and noted for Nepheronia pauliani and C. mananhari, possibly their paraphyly strongly suggest that these two species do not much later than Gideona. Most other Malagasy Colotis show belong in the same genus.
shallow divergence from their sister taxa and hence seem to J Zool Syst Evol Res (2011) 49(3), 204–215 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Phylogenetic systematics of Colotis Fig. 3. Consensus trees resulting from Maximum Parsimony analysis for each gene partition. SC = strict consensus of (n) trees, TL = treelength, CI = consistency index, RI = retention index have arrived on the island more recently, including C. calais within some species supported their separate species status, crowleyi and C. evanthides, derived from common ancestors in including the Malagasy N. buquetii pauliani (9.5 ± 0.3%) and Africa (C. calais) or Madagascar (C. evanthe). Multiple inde- Pinacopteryx eriphia mabillei (5.8 ± 0.3%), as well as the pendent dispersals from Africa to Madagascar have been Tanzanian Eronia cleodora (4.6 ± 0.9%) restricted to the documented in other butterflies, including those in the genus coastal forests in eastern Kenya and Tanzania and with a Charaxes (Aduse-Poku et al. 2009).
much wider black border on its wings.
In all of our phylogenies, the taxa eris, subfasciatus and The divergence between the two subspecies of Teracolus agoye always formed a well-supported clade outside the agoye (i.e. ssp. agoye and spp. bowkeri, 2.0 ± 0.3%) supports Colotis, usually close to Pinacopteryx and Gideona. Shared the traditional status of these taxa (Larsen 1992). No subspe- differences between these species and other Colotis have been cies are currently recognized under Teracolus eris; however, the noted, including an acute forewing apex, a shorter aedeagus presence of several distinct mitochondrial lineages within eris and a produced valval apex (Henning et al. 1997), as well as suggests an overlooked geographic structure that requires differences in larval morphology (Larsen 1992). A separate further investigation (Fig. 4).
generic status for these three species is required.
DNA barcode divergence between C. auxo (South Africa) Both Indian endemic species, C. aurora (group I) and and C. dissociatus (Botswana) is very shallow (1.0 ± 0.1%).
C. etrida (group II), seem to have common ancestors with These two live in very different habitats in South Africa with African species (C. evarne and C. ephyia, respectively) which no overlap: while auxo occupies the coastal forests and the range as far north as Sudan, Chad, Saudi Arabia and Yemen bushveld, dissociatus mainly thrives in savannah habitats (TBL (Fig. 2). The shallow divergence between these species and observation). Both have a white to pale yellow ground colour, their presence in the Arabian Peninsula rejects the possibility with dissociatus being smaller, generally paler and often with of an old vicariance speciation resulting from the severance of no trace of black margin on the inner edge of the orange tip of the Indian plate from Africa or Madagascar and instead the forewings. Our C. auxo from Kenya ⁄ Tanzania (i.e. ssp.
suggests a more recent vicariance or dispersal event in the Near incretus) were significantly divergent from both of these East that resulted in isolation of C. etrida and C. aurora in the (11.2 ± 0.1%). These are usually larger with much deeper yellow ground colour and more pointed forewings.
With Teracolus removed, and ignoring the unsupported Colotis phisadia and C. vestalis are two closely related position of Afrodryas leda in our Bayesian phylogeny, Colotis species often distinguishable by their forewing ground colour forms a monophyletic clade that is primarily supported by the (i.e. pink-salmon in C. phisadia, white in C. vestalis). They EF-1a gene (Figs 1 and 2; Table S4). Despite unique distribu- share the same larval host (Salvadora persica, Nazari 2003) and tions and several autapomorphies, the status of Madais occur sympatrically from Iran to Pakistan and Gujarat in Swinhoe (1909) or Cuneacolotis Henning et al. (1997) is not India. Colotis phisadia is a migratory species (Gardner and supported as subgenera under Colotis. Instead, we prefer to Howarth 2007) and extends into Arabia and Africa, while recognize Ôspecies groupsÕ that formed well-supported clusters.
C. vestalis spreads deeper into Pakistan and wet habitats as faras Delhi; it is conspicuously absent from Arabia but re-appearsin the dry parts of East Africa with a radically different DNA barcoding and taxonomy morphology (i.e. ssp. castalis). With the exception of the latter DNA barcoding (Hebert et al. 2003, 2004; Hajibabaei et al.
population, all other phisadia and vestalis examined in our 2006) is rapidly becoming the most important tool for species study were nearly identical in their DNA barcodes and shared identification and discovery. Application of DNA barcoding haplotypes (Figure S1). Intermediate phenotypes, often with a to assess mitochondrial sequence diversity among material yellow ground colour, are not uncommon when the two occur examined in our study highlighted the inconsistencies between in sympatry (e.g. in Southern Iran; see Nazari 2003). Colotis current taxonomy and genetic variation in many of the species.
protractus, traditionally considered a subspecies of C. phisadia, Divergent populations showing deep splits (>4%) observed occurs sympatrically with vestalis as well as phisadia in J Zool Syst Evol Res (2011) 49(3), 204–215  2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Nazari, Larsen, Lees, Brattstro ¨ m, Bouyer, Van de Poel and Hebert Fig. 4. Neighbour-joining trees of the cytochrome oxidase I barcodes for Colotis (a) and associated genera (b). Taxa with changed ranks orcombinations are in bold Southern Iran to Gujarat and is immediately distinguishable Angola and Botswana, and (iii) Somalia and Ethiopia. A by the pink-salmon ground colour on both wings and blue similar situation in C. euippe is taxonomically more difficult to forewing apical spots. Its barcode also clearly separates it as a explain: while individuals from Gambia, Nigeria, Cameroon distinct species closer to C. fausta (Fig. 4).
and Somalia form a cluster (II), those from Congo, Angola, Divergent clusters within C. evagore demonstrate a geo- Namibia, Tanzania and Uganda form two separate clusters graphic structure, with populations in (i) Spain, Morocco, (I, III) with geographic overlap. Minor but consistent differ- Tunisia and Nigeria, corresponding to ssp. nouna, (ii) Congo, ences in coloration of the forewing tip as well as the underside J Zool Syst Evol Res (2011) 49(3), 204–215 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Phylogenetic systematics of Colotis of the wings in these two clusters suggests the possibility of an the Kenya (Coast) (3.3 ± 0.2%) is comparable to the distance overlooked species, but further investigation is needed (TB from their closest sister species, C. erone (i.e. 3.7% and 3.6%, observation). Our specimens of C. rogersi did not show any respectively), which supports a distinction at species level. No barcode differences from C. euippe; however, misidentifica- subspecies are currently recognized under C. ione (Ackery tions could not be ruled out.
et al. 1995). Further sampling of populations (e.g. from South The Congolese C. pallene, with uniquely wide submarginal Africa) is needed before a third species is recognized in this bands on the upperside of the hindwings and a notable The type locality of C. hetaera is ÔEndaraÕ (i.e. Mt. Ndara in (3.2 ± 0.8%), presents another case of a potentially over- Coast, Kenya, not Zanzibar as indicated by Ackery et al.
looked species flagged by DNA barcoding. Examination of 1995). Several individuals of C. hetaera, including a yellow additional material from South Africa and Tanzania is female (GVDP087) from the Golini Forest in Kenyan Coast required before a separate status for this population can be (I), were divergent from other subspecies (i.e. aspasia, ankol- ensis and lorti) (II). However, a white female from the same Despite a wide range geographic sampling of C. antevippe, forest (GVDP082) fell within the second group. The males in small barcode variation observed among these populations the two clusters are similar. This indicates the possible (1.06 ± 0.04%) does not support the recognition of subspecies coexistence of a cryptic species sympatric with C. hetaera in within C. antevippe. The stability of mitochondrial DNA over the Kenyan Coast.
a large area with a high climatic variation can be explained bya rapid recent range expansion, a phenomenon that deservesfurther investigation.
Colotis evanthides is a rare species confined to the Comoros, Our study highlights the paraphyly of the nine genera currently Aldabra, Assumption, Cosmoledo and Astove Islands in the known as the Colotis group and underscores the need for Indian Ocean. On the basis of similarities in genitalia, additional gene sampling to resolve the phylogenetic relation- Bernardi (1954) hypothesized a close affinity between C. e- ships within the family Pieridae. Major diversification in vanthides and the Malagasy C. evanthe, the African C. aurora Nepheronia, Pinacopteryx and Colotis seems to have occurred and the Indian C. etrida. Thus, C. evanthides was later termed in Africa during the Eocene, while Hebomoia, Ixias and Ôthe Lemurian linkÕ (Cogan and Hutson 1971). However, our Pareronia diversified in the Oriental region. The Malagasy phylogenetic analysis does not support these four species as a species seem to represent a combination of old and new natural group.
arrivals to the Island, while the Indian endemics appear to be Within C. celimene, individuals from Nigeria (ssp. sudani- derived from common ancestors that lived in the area between cus), Niger, Congo and Kenya show only minor variation in northeast Africa and Arabia to India.
their barcodes (0.3 ± 0.1%). Several subspecies currently DNA barcoding largely supported the traditional species recognized under C. celimene (e.g. sudanicus, amina, angusi, taxa in Colotis and related genera, but we found evidence for etc.) may be redundant; however, the Namibian ssp. pholoe is exclusion of three species (i.e. C. eris, C. subfasciatus and divergent (2.5 ± 0.2%). The Somali ssp. praeclarus has been C. agoye) from the genus Colotis and the taxon leda from recently proposed as a distinct species (Bouyer 2010).
Eronia, for which we assign new generic status (i.e. Teracolus Colotis chrysonome, C. aurigineus, and C. vesta are closely and Afrodryas). Several cases of undetected species-level related species with overlapping ranges in eastern Africa.
variation, or lack thereof, were also flagged by DNA barcod- Colotis doubledayi, a rare species confined to the Namib dry ing, where relevant taxonomic changes are proposed. To detect zone in southern Africa, is another member of this group with such taxonomic discrepancies, future studies should also aim a distinct barcode haplotype (Fig. 4). Within the widespread for even more comprehensive population sampling, particu- C. chrysonome, we observed gaps (3.3 ± 0.5%) between larly in the genera Ixias and Pareronia that were sparsely populations from Sudan (type locality), Kenya and Ethiopia, sampled in our study.
suggesting undetected differentiation (Fig. 4). The often largerand variable C. vesta formed two separate clusters withspecimens from Congo (Katanga) appearing in both. One of these clusters (i.e. Kenya, Tanzania and Congo) also included We thank Jean-Francois Landry, Don Lafontaine, and Jeremy the sympatric C. aurigineus (i.e. Kenya, Tanzania and Ugan- DeWaard (Canada), Robert Robbins and Claire Kremen (USA),John Tennent and Keith Stiff (UK), Rodolphe Rougerie and Isabelle da) (Fig. 4). Presence of shared haplotypes between these Meusnier (France), Roger Vila (Spain), Christopher Wheat (Finland), otherwise readily recognizable sister species when in sympatry Robin van Velzen and Hein Leertouwer (the Netherlands), Alison suggests gene flow between the two (Figure S1).
Cameron (Ireland), Wolfgang ten Hagen (Germany), Alireza Naderi Within the montane species C. elgonensis, the disjunct ssp.
(Iran), Steve Collins (Kenya), and Gerardo Lamas (Peru) for providing glauningi from Nigeria seems to be distinct. The Congo specimens or support. Doekele G. Stavenga (Groningen, the Nether- (Katanga) ssp. nobilis also shows some differentiation; how- lands) generously provided his data and commentary on UV reflection ever, it falls within a cluster with all other populations from patterns in Pierinae, which will be published separately. We also thankthe staff at the NHM (UK), RMCA (Belgium) and Naturalis (the Uganda, Burundi, Kenya and Congo (Kivu Nord), including Netherlands) Museums and the Royal Antwerp Entomological Society ssp. elgonensis and ssp. basilewskyi from Uganda and ssp.
(Belgium). We also thank Michael Braby (Australia), Niklas Wahlberg (Finland) and anonymous JZSER reviewers who provided helpful (0.5 ± 0.3%). The three montane distribution areas are well comments on the earlier drafts of this manuscript. DCL was supported separated from each other, with the Nigerian population by a STUDIUM fellowship and INRA. Some Malagasy collections isolated by over 2000 km from Kivu.
were collected under NSF grant DEB-0072713 to B. L. Fisher andC. E. Griswold. This research was supported through funding to the The distance between C. ione (I) from Somalia, Tanzania Canadian Barcode of Life Network from Genome Canada (through and Kenya (Eastern, Nyaza) and those (II) from Congo and J Zool Syst Evol Res (2011) 49(3), 204–215  2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Nazari, Larsen, Lees, Brattstro ¨ m, Bouyer, Van de Poel and Hebert the Ontario Genomics Institute), NSERC and other sponsors listed at Braby MF, Pierce NE, Vila R (2007) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the subtribe Aporiina (Lepidoptera: Pieridae):implications for the origin of Australian butterflies. Biol J Linn Soc90:413–440.
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J Zool Syst Evol Res (2011) 49(3), 204–215  2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Nazari, Larsen, Lees, Brattstro ¨ m, Bouyer, Van de Poel and Hebert (9) Colotis evanthe and C. evanthides are so similar in Appendix: Proposed taxonomic changes morphology as well as DNA barcodes (1.11 ± 0.04%) that (1) The taxon leda was originally described in the genus Dryas we suggest the name evanthides be used as a subspecies of (Boisduval 1847), a homonym of Dryas Hu¨bner 1823; C. evanthe (stat. nov.).
currently the valid genus for Dryas iulia (Heliconiinae). Butler (10) Idmais vesta Reiche, (1850) is a junior primary homonym (1869) subsequently placed leda under Eronia Hu¨bner, 1823.
of Idmais vesta Boisduval (1847). Under Art. 23.9.2 of the Afrodryas Stoneham (1957) was described as a replacement International Code for Zoological Nomenclature, to maintain name for Dryas Boisduval (1847); but later treated as a usage of vesta Reiche, the name Idmais vesta Boisduval (1847) synonym of Eronia. Our results support the arrangement for needs to be designated as a Ônomen oblitumÕ, and Idmais vesta leda by Boisduval (1847) and Stoneham (1957). Accordingly, Reiche, (1850) as a Ônomen protectumÕ. This taxonomic act we revive the genus Afrodryas and the combination Afrodryas shall be properly completed in a separate publication.
leda (comb. rev.).
(2) We found that Colotis agoye, C. subfasciatus and C. erisconsistently formed a well-supported clade separate and Revised list of species and subspecies outside all other Colotis. Here, we revive the oldest available Unexamined taxa are marked by an asterisk (*). The Colotis generic name for these species, Teracolus Swainson, (1833) groups I–IX are listed according to the results of this study.
(stat. rev.) (Type species: Papilio subfasciatus) to represent this For additional synonymy and references to original descrip- tions, see Ackery et al. (1995).
(3) We also recognize the divergent populations Nepheronia (1) Genus Hebomoia Hu¨bner, (1819) pauliani (stat. nov.), Pinacopteryx mabillei (stat. nov.) and H. glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758) Eronia dilatata (stat. rev.) as good species.
H. leucippe (Cramer, 1775)* (4) The taxon incretus was originally described as a separate (2) Genus Gideona Klots, 1933 species based on a single female from Mamboia (Tanzania) G. lucasi (Grandidier, 1867) and later treated as a subspecies of Colotis auxo (Hecq 1975).
(3) Genus Ixias Hu¨bner, (1819) Examination of the holotype in the NHM confirmed the I. flavipennis Grose-Smith, 1885* identity of our divergent Kenya ⁄ Tanzania specimens. We I. kuehni Ro¨ber, 1891* therefore reinstate C. incretus as a valid species and consider I. malumsinicum Thieme, 1897* dissociatus an ecological (savannah) subspecies of C. auxo I. marianne (Cramer, 1779) (stat. nov.).
I. paluensis Martin, 1914* (5) The correct name for the Indian species (Papilio) eucharis I. piepersii (Snellen, 1877)* (Fabricius 1775) (junior primary homonym of Delias eucharis I. pyrene (Linnaeus, 1764) Drury 1773) is Colotis aurora (Cramer 1780; Larsen 2005).
I. reinwardtii (Vollenhoven, 1860)* Considering the large gap between the Indian and the African I. venilia (Godart, 1819)* C. aurora (5.34 ± 0.03%), we recognize the African popula- I. vollenhovii (Wallace, 1867)* tion as a separate species, C. evarne (Klug 1829) (stat. rev.).
(4) Genus Calopieris Aurivillius, 1899 (6) The Indian populations of C. amata are also deeply C. eulimene (Klug 1829) divergent from their African counterparts (6.6 ± 0.4%), and (5) Genus Nepheronia Butler, 1870 morphologically distinct (i.e. wider wings and lighter salmon N. argia (Fabricius 1775) coloration). We did not examine the amata populations from N. buquetii (Boisduval, 1836) Arabia to Senegal, which may prove to have some interme- N. pauliani Bernardi, 1959 (stat. nov.) diate status. However, on the basis of the available data we N. pharis (Boisduval, 1836) reinstate all non-Indian amata to C. calais (stat. rev.) and N. thalassina (Boisduval, 1836) recognize the subspecies C. calais williami (Namibia and (6) Genus Pareronia Bingham, 1907 Angola) and C. calais crowleyi (Madagascar).
P. argolis (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1860)* (7) Colotis danae from India (ssp. danae) and Iran (ssp. dulcis) P. avatar (Moore, 1858)* are divergent from African populations (3.7 ± 0.9% and P. aviena Fruhstorfer, 1910* 3.9 ± 0.3% respectively) and from one another (3.4 ± 0.2%), P. boebera (Eschscholtz, 1821)* while only minor variation exists within the African C. danae P. ceylanica (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1865)* (0.5 ± 0.2%). We recognize the subspecies C. danae danae, P. chinki Joicey and Noakes, 1915* C. danae dulcis and C. danae eupompe (=pseudocaste syn.
P. anais Lesson, 1837 (=P. hippia (Fabricius, 1787)) nov.). The larger taxon annae Wallengren, 1857 flies in dry P. iobaea (Boisduval, 1832)* parts of South Africa, from Natal to Namibia and north to P. nishiyamai Yata, 1981* Zambia and Botswana. Colotis hildebrandti Staudinger (1884) P. paravatar Bingham, 1907* is similarly large and ranges from southern Kenya to central P. phocaea (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1861)* Zambia. Their barcodes were similar (0.38 ± 0.05%). We P. tritaea (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1859)* reinstate C. annae (stat. rev.) as a good species, with ssp.
P. valeria (Cramer, 1776) hildebrandti as its northern subspecies (stat. nov.).
(7) Genus Eronia Hu¨bner, (1823) (8) We treat C. phisadia and C. vestalis as a single species, with E. cleodora Hu¨bner, (1823) an Arabian ⁄ African subspecies (i.e. C. phisadia phisadia) and E. dilatata Butler, 1888 (stat. rev.) an Asian subspecies (i.e. C. phisadia vestalis stat. nov.). We also (8) Genus Afrodryas Stoneham (1957) (stat. rev.) reinstate C. castalis (stat. rev.) as a separate species, described A. leda (Boisduval 1847) (comb. rev.) from Tanzania and found in dry habitats through Kenya to (9) Genus Pinacopteryx Wallengren (1857) P. eriphia (Godart, 1819) J Zool Syst Evol Res (2011) 49(3), 204–215 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Phylogenetic systematics of Colotis P. mabillei (Aurivillius, 1899) (stat. nov.) (10) Genus Teracolus Swainson, (1833) (stat. rev.) C. zoe (Grandidier, 1867) T. agoye (Wallengren 1857) (comb. rev.) C. celimene (Lucas, 1852) T. eris (Klug 1829) (comb. rev.) C. praeclarus (Butler, 1886) T. subfasciatus Swainson (1833) (comb. rev.) (11) Genus Colotis Hu¨bner, (1819) C. ungemachi (Le Cerf, 1922) C. doubledayi (Hopffer, 1862) C. etrida (Boisduval, 1836) C. chrysonome (Klug 1829) C. ephyia (Klug 1829) C. vesta (Reiche, 1850) C. aurigineus (Butler, 1883) C. aurora (Cramer, 1780) C. evarne (Klug 1829) (stat. rev.) C. protomedia (Klug 1829) C. incretus (Butler, 1881) (stat. rev.) C. halimede (Klug 1829) C. auxo (Lucas, 1852) C. pleione (Klug 1829) ssp. dissociatus (Butler, 1897) (stat. nov.) C. venosa (Staudinger 1884) C. mananhari (Ward, 1870) C. antevippe (Boisduval, 1836) C. regina (Trimen, 1863) C. rogersi (Dixey, 1915) C. hetaera (Gerstaecker, 1871) C. euippe (Linnaeus, 1758) C. elgonensis (Sharpe, 1891) C. pallene (Hopffer, 1855) C. ione (Godart, 1819) C. lais (Butler 1876) C. erone (Angas, 1849) C. daira (Klug 1829) C. eunoma (Hopffer, 1855)* C. evagore (Klug 1829)C. evanthe (Boisduval, 1836) ssp. evanthides (Holland, 1896) (stat. nov.) Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online C. liagore (Klug 1829) version of this article: C. evenina (Wallengren 1857) Figure S1. TCS haplotype networks for cytochrome oxidase I barcodes in the Colotis vesta (a) and Colotis phisadia (b) C. annae (Wallengren 1857) (stat. rev.) groups of species.
ssp. hildebrandti (Staudinger 1884) (stat. nov.) Table S1. Material examined and GenBank Accession C. guenei (Mabille, 1877) C. danae (Fabricius 1775) Table S2. Taxa and sequences used in phylogenetic recon- ssp. eupompe (Klug 1829) (=pseudacaste (Butler 1876) Table S3. Summary of character partitions.
ssp. dulcis (Butler 1876) Table S4. Support values for clades supported through both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses.
C. protractus (Butler 1876) Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the C. fausta (Olivier, 1804) content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied C. amata (Fabricius 1775) by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) C. calais (Cramer, 1775) (stat. rev.) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
C. castalis (Staudinger, 1885) (stat. rev.)C. phisadia (Godart, 1819) ssp. vestalis (Butler 1876) (stat. nov.) J Zool Syst Evol Res (2011) 49(3), 204–215  2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH

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