Alendronat stada veckotablett 70mg tabl eng
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICSNAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg Tablets QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each tablet contains 70 mg alendronic acid (as sodium alendronate trihydrate). Excipients: each tablet contains 142.64 mg lactose monohydrate. For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
White to off-white, oval tablet, embossed "AN 70" on one side and the Arrow logo on the other. CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Alendronate reduces the risk of vertebral and hip fractures.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
For oral use only. The recommended dose is one 70 mg tablet per week. To obtain satisfactory absorption of alendronate Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets must be taken on an empty stomach immediately on rising in the morning, with plain water only, at least 30 minutes before the first food, drink or other medication of the day. Other drinks (including mineral water), food and some medicines are likely to reduce the absorption of alendronate (see section 4.5). To assist delivery to the stomach and thus reduce the risk of irritation/side effects locally and in the oesophagus (see section 4.4) Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets should only be swallowed on arising for the day with a whole glass of water (not less than 200 ml or 7 fl. oz). Osteomel Once Weekly tablets should be swallowed whole. Patients should not crush or chew the tablet or al ow the tablet to dissolve in the mouth on account of the risk of oropharyngeal Patients should not lie down until after the first meal of the day, which must be at least 30 minutes after taking the tablet. Patients should not lie down within 30 minutes of taking Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets. Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets should not be taken at bedtime or before arising for the Patients should be given a calcium and vitamin D supplement if the diet is inadequate (see section Duration of use The optimal duration of bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis has not been established. The need for continued treatment should be re-evaluated periodically based on the benefits and potential risks of alendronic acid on an individual patient basis, particularly after 5 or more years of use. Use in elderly patients In clinical trials there was no age-related difference with regard to efficacy or safety profiles of alendronate. Therefore no adjustment of the dose is necessary for elderly patients. Use in impaired renal function No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) greater than 35 ml/min. Alendronate is not recommended for patients with impaired renal function if the GFR is less than 35 ml/min, as there is no experience of this. Use in impaired hepatic function No dose adjustment is necessary. Use in children (under 18 years) Alendronate has been studied in a smal number of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta under 18 years of age. Results are insufficient to support its use in children. Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets have not been investigated in the treatment of glucocorticoid- induced osteoporosis.
4.3 Contraindications
• Oesophageal abnormalities and other factors that delay oesophageal emptying, such as stricture or • Inability to stand or sit upright for at least 30 minutes. • Hypersensitivity to alendronate, other bisphosphonates or to any of the excipients. • Hypocalcaemia. See also section 4.4.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Alendronate can cause local irritation to the upper gastrointestinal mucosa. As there is a risk of worsening of the underlying disease, caution should be observed if alendronate is given to patients with active upper gastrointestinal tract problems, such as dysphagia, oesophageal disease, gastritis, duodenitis or ulcers, or in cases of recent (during the last year) severe gastrointestinal disease such as gastric ulcer, active gastrointestinal bleeding or surgery in the upper gastrointestinal tract other than pyloroplasty (see section 4.3). In patients with known Barrett's oesophagus, prescribers should consider the benefits and potential risks of alendronate on an individual patient basis. Oesophageal side effects (in some cases severe and requiring hospitalisation) such as oesophagitis, oesophageal ulcers or oesophageal erosions, in rare cases followed by oesophageal stricture, have been reported in patients receiving treatment with alendronate. The physician should therefore be alert to any signs or symptoms of possible oesophageal reaction. The patients should be instructed to discontinue alendronate and seek medical attention if they develop symptoms of oesophageal irritation such as dysphagia, pain on swal owing, retrosternal pain or new/worsened heartburn. The risk of severe oesophageal side effects is thought to be greater in patients who do not take alendronate correctly and/or continue to take alendronate after developing symptoms indicative of oesophageal irritation. It is very important that complete administration instructions are given to, and understood, by the patient (see section 4.2). Patients should be informed that the risk of oesophageal problems may increase if they do not follow these instructions. Despite no increased risk having been observed in extensive clinical trials, there have been post- marketing reports of rare cases of gastric and duodenal ulcers, some of them severe and with complications. A causal relationship cannot be excluded (see section 4.8). If patients forget to take a dose of Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets, they should be instructed to take the tablet the morning after they remember. They must not take two tablets on the same day, but should revert to taking one tablet per week, as originally scheduled on their chosen day. Alendronate is not recommended for patients with impaired renal function if the GFR is less than 35 ml/min (see section 4.2). Causes of osteoporosis other than oestrogen deficiency and ageing should be considered. Hypocalcaemia must be corrected before treatment with alendronate is initiated (see section 4.3). Other disorders of mineral metabolism (such as vitamin D deficiency and hypoparathyroidism) should also be effectively treated before starting alendronate. In patients with these conditions serum calcium and symptoms of hypocalcaemia should be monitored during treatment with alendronate. On account of the positive effects of alendronate on the increase in bone mineralisation, reductions in serum calcium and serum phosphate may occur especially in patients taking glucocorticoids in whom calcium absorption may be decreased. These are usually slight and asymptomatic. However, in rare cases symptomatic hypocalcaemia has been reported which occasionally has been severe and often occurred in patients with predisposing conditions (e.g. hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency and in cases of calcium malabsorption). It is therefore particularly important to ensure that patients taking glucocorticoids have an adequate calcium and vitamin D intake. Osteonecrosis of the jaw, generally associated with tooth extraction and/or local infection (including osteomyelitis) has been reported in patients with cancer receiving treatment regimens including primarily intravenously administered bisphosphonates. Many of these patients were also receiving chemotherapy and corticosteroids. Osteonecrosis of the jaw has also been reported in patients with osteoporosis receiving oral bisphosphonates. A dental examination with appropriate preventive dentistry should be considered prior to treatment with bisphosphonates in patients with concomitant risk factors (e.g. cancer, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, corticosteroids, poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, smoking). While on treatment, these patients should avoid invasive dental procedures if possible. For patients who develop osteonecrosis of the jaw while on bisphosphonate therapy, dental surgery may exacerbate the condition. For patients requiring dental procedures, there are no data available to suggest whether discontinuation of bisphosphonate treatment reduces the risk of osteonecrosis of the Clinical judgement of the treating physician should guide the management plan of each patient based on individual benefit/risk assessment. Bone, joint, and/or muscle pain has been reported in patients taking bisphosphonates. In postmarketing experience, these symptoms have rarely been severe and/or incapacitating (see section The time to onset of symptoms varied from one day to several months after starting treatment. Most patients had relief of symptoms after stopping. A subset had recurrence of symptoms when rechal enged with the same drug or another bisphosphonate. Atypical fractures of the femur Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures have been reported with bisphosphonate therapy, primarily in patients receiving long-term treatment for osteoporosis. These transverse or short oblique, fractures can occur anywhere along the femur from just below the lesser trochanter to just above the supracondylar flare. These fractures occur after minimal or no trauma and some patients experience thigh or groin pain, often associated with imaging features of stress fractures, weeks to months before presenting with a completed femoral fracture. Fractures are often bilateral; therefore the contralateral femur should be examined in bisphosphonate-treated patients who have sustained a femoral shaft fracture. Poor healing of these fractures has also been reported. Discontinuation of bisphosphonate therapy in patients suspected to have an atypical femur fracture should be considered pending evaluation of the patient, based on an individual benefit risk During bisphosphonate treatment patients should be advised to report any thigh, hip or groin pain and any patient presenting with such symptoms should be evaluated for an incomplete femur fracture. Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take
4.5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
If taken at the same time, it is likely that foods and drinks (including mineral water), calcium supplements, antacids and some oral medicines will affect the absorption of alendronate. Patients must therefore wait for at least 30 minutes after taking alendronate before taking any other oral medicine (see section 4.2). Since NSAID use is associated with gastrointestinal irritation, caution should be used during concomitant use with alendronate. No other clinically significant drug interactions are expected. A number of patients in the clinical trials received oestrogen (intravaginally, transdermally or orally) concomitantly with alendronate. No undesirable effects could be related to the combination treatment. No specific interaction studies have been carried out, but alendronate was used in clinical trials concomitantly with a number of other commonly prescribed medicines without any evidence of clinically unfavourable interactions.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Use during pregnancy Alendronate should not be used during pregnancy. There are no adequate data from the use of alendronate in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, or postnatal development. Alendronate given during pregnancy in rats caused dystocia related to hypocalcemia (see 5.3 ‘Preclinical safety data'). Use during lactation It is not known whether alendronate is excreted into human breast milk. Alendronate should not be used by breast-feeding women.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, certain adverse reactions that have been reported with Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets may affect some patients' ability to drive or operate machinery. Individual responses to Osteomel Once Weekly 70 mg tablets may vary (see section 4.8).
4.8 Undesirable effects
In a one-year study in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis the overall safety profiles for alendronate once-weekly tablets (n=519) and alendronate 10 mg daily (n=370) were similar. In two three-year studies of almost identical design, with post-menopausal women (alendronate 10 mg: n=196; placebo: n= 397) the overal safety profiles for alendronate 10 mg daily and placebo Undesirable effects reported by the investigators as possibly, probably or definitely related to the drug are presented below if they occurred in ≥ 1 % of any in the treatment groups in the one-year study or in ≥ 1 % of the patients who were treated with alendronate 10 mg per day and with an incidence higher than in patients who were treated with placebo in three-year studies. The one-year study Three-year studies Gastrointestinal Acid regurgitation Abdominal distension Oesophageal ulcer Musculoskeletal pain (bone, muscle or joints) The following undesirable effects have also been reported in clinical trials and/or post marketing: In this section frequencies of undesirable effects are defined as fol ows: Very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Immune system disorders: Rare: Hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria and angioedema. Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Rare: Symptomatic hypocalcaemia, general y in connection with predisposing conditions (see Section Nervous system disorders: Common: Headache. Not known: Dizziness, dysgeusia. Ear and labyrinth disorders: Not known: Vertigo. Rare: Uveitis, scleritis, episcleritis. Gastrointestinal disorders: Common: Abdominal pain, dyspepsia, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, oesophageal ulcers*, dysphagia*, abdominal distension, acid regurgitation. Uncommon: Nausea, vomiting, gastritis, oesophagitis* oesophageal erosions*, melaena. Rare: Oesophageal stricture*, oropharyngeal ulceration*, upper gastrointestinal PUB (perforations, ulcers, bleeding), a causal relationship cannot be ruled out. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Uncommon: Rash, pruritus, erythema. Rare: Skin rash with photosensitivity. Very rare: Isolated cases of severe skin reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported. Not known: alopecia Musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone disorders: Common: Musculoskeletal pain (bones, muscles or joints). Rare: Osteonecrosis. Osteonecrosis of the jaw has been reported in patients treated by bisphosphonates. The majority of the reports refer to cancer patients, but such cases have also been reported in patients treated for osteoporosis. Osteonecrosis of the jaw is generally associated with tooth extraction and/or local infection (including osteomyelitis). Diagnosis of cancer, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, corticosteroids, and poor oral hygiene are also deemed as risk factors; severe musculoskeletal (bone, muscle or joint) pain (see 4.4 ‘Special warnings and precautions for use'). Not known: Joint swelling. During post-marketing experience the fol owing reactions have been reported (frequency rare): Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures (bisphosphonate class adverse reaction). General disorders and administration site conditions: Rare: Transient symptoms as in an acute phase reaction (myalgia, malaise and in rare cases fever) usual y in connection with the start of treatment. Not known: Asthenia, peripheral oedema. *See sections 4.4 and 4.2. Laboratory values: In clinical trials, asymptomatic, slight and transient decreases in serum calcium and serum phosphate were observed in approx. 18 and 10 % respectively of the patients taking alendronate 10 mg/day versus 12 and 3 % respectively of those taking placebo. However, the incidence of reductions in serum calcium to < 2.0 mmol/l and serum phosphate to ≤ 0.65 mmol/l was comparable in the two groups.
4.9 Overdose
Hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia and upper gastrointestinal side effects such as upset stomach, heartburn, oesophagitis, gastritis or ulcer can occur on oral overdosage. There is no specific information available with regard to overdosage with alendronate. Milk or antacids should be given in order to bind alendronate. On account of the risk of oesophageal irritation, vomiting should not be induced and the patient should be kept in an upright position. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for treatment of bone diseases, bisphosphonates. ATC code: M05BA04 The active substance in Osteomel Once Weekly 70mg tablets, sodium alendronate trihydrate, is a bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption without any direct effect on bone formation. Preclinical studies have demonstrated a preference for localisation of alendronate to sites where active resorption takes place. Osteoclastic activity is inhibited but formation and binding of the osteoclasts is not affected. Bone formed during treatment with alendronate is of normal quality. Treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is defined as bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine or hip 2.5 standard
deviations below the mean value of a normal young population or as a previous fragility
fracture, irrespective of bone mineral density.
The therapeutic equivalence of alendronate once-weekly tablets (n=519) and alendronate 10 mg daily (n=370) was demonstrated in a one-year multicentre study in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis. The mean increase from baseline of BMD in the lumbar spine after one year was 5.1 % (95 % confidence interval: 4.8, 5.4 %) in the group receiving 70 mg once per week and 5.4 % (95 % confidence interval: 5.0, 5.8 %) in the group receiving 10 mg daily. The average increases in BMD in the group receiving 70 mg once per week and in the group receiving 10 mg daily were 2.3 % and 2.9 % in the femoral neck and 2.9 % and 3.1 % over the total hip. The two treatment groups were also similar with regard to increased bone density in other parts of the skeleton. The effects of alendronate on BMD and fracture incidence in post-menopausal women were studied in two initial efficacy studies of identical design (n=994), and in the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT: In the initial efficacy studies, the increases in BMD with alendronate 10 mg daily relative to placebo after three years were 8.8 %, 5.9 % and 7.8 % at the spine, femoral neck and trochanter respectively. Total body BMD also increased significantly. In the patients treated with alendronate, the proportion of patients who suffered one or more vertebral fractures was reduced by 48 % (alendronate 3.2 % versus placebo 6.2 %). In the two-year extensions of these studies the BMD in the spine and trochanter continued to increase. In addition, BMD at the femoral neck and total body The FIT study included two placebo-controlled trials in which alendronate was given daily (5 mg daily for two years and 10 mg daily for a further one or two years). FIT 1: A three-year study with 2027 patients who had had at least one baseline vertebral (compression) fracture. In this study alendronate daily reduced the incidence of ≥ 1 new vertebral fracture by 47 % (alendronate 7.9 % versus placebo 15.0 %). In addition, a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of hip fractures was confirmed (1.1 % versus 2.2 %, a reduction of 51 %). FIT 2: A four-year study with 4432 patients who had a low bone mass but had not had any vertebral fracture at the start of the study. In this study, in a subgroup analysis of osteoporotic women (37 % of the total population who fulfilled the definition of osteoporosis given above) a significant difference was seen in the incidence of hip fractures (alendronate 1.0 % versus placebo 2.2 %, a reduction of 56 %) and in the incidence of ≥ 1 vertebral fracture (2.9 % versus 5.8 %, a reduction of 50 %).
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Compared with an intravenous reference dose, the mean oral bioavailability of alendronate in women was 0.64 % for doses ranging from 5 to 70 mg given after an overnight fast and two hours before a standardised breakfast. Bioavailability decreased to an estimated 0.46 % and 0.39 % when alendronate was given an hour or half an hour before a standardised breakfast. In osteoporosis studies alendronate was effective when it was given at least 30 minutes before the first meal or drink of the day. Bioavailability was negligible irrespective of whether alendronate was given together with or up to two hours after a standardised breakfast. Concomitant administration of alendronate with coffee or orange juice reduced bioavailability by approx. 60 %. In healthy persons, oral prednisolone (20 mg three times daily for five days) did not result in any clinical y meaningful change in the oral bioavailability of alendronate (a mean increase ranging from 20 % to 44 %). Studies in rats show that alendronate is initially distributed to soft tissues after intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg, but is then rapidly redistributed to the skeleton or excreted in the urine. The mean steady-state volume of distribution, exclusive of bone, is at least 28 litres in humans. Concentrations of drug in plasma following therapeutic oral doses are too low for analytical detection (< 5 ng/ml). Protein binding in human plasma is approximately 78 %. Biotransformation There is no evidence that alendronate is metabolised in animals or humans. Following a single intravenous dose of (14C) alendronate, approximately 50 % of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine within 72 hours and little or no radioactivity was recovered in the faeces. Following a single intravenous dose of 10 mg, the renal clearance of alendronate was 71 ml/min, and systemic clearance did not exceed 200 ml/min. Plasma concentrations fell by more than 95 % within 6 hours following intravenous administration. The terminal half-life in humans is estimated to exceed ten years, reflecting release of alendronate from the skeleton. Alendronate is not excreted through the acidic or basic transport systems of the kidney in rats, and thus it is not thought to interfere with the excretion of other drugs by those systems in humans. Characteristics in patients Preclinical studies show that the drug that is not deposited in bone is rapidly excreted in the urine. No evidence of saturation of bone uptake was found after chronic dosing with cumulative intravenous doses up to 35 mg/kg in animals. Although no clinical information is available, it is likely that, as in animals, elimination of alendronate via the kidney will be reduced in patients with impaired renal function. Therefore, somewhat greater accumulation of alendronate in bone might be expected in patients with impaired renal function (see section 4.2).
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Conventional studies of general toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity did not reveal any special risks for humans. Studies in female rats showed that treatment with alendronate during pregnancy was associated with dystocia during parturition, which was related to hypocalcaemia. Studies in which rats were given high doses showed an increased incidence of incomplete foetal bone formation. The relevance for humans is unknown. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Microcrystalline cellulose Lactose monohydrate Croscarmellose sodium Magnesium stearate
6.2 Incompatibilities
6.3 Shelf-life
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C. Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
The tablets are supplied in triplex blister (PVC/PE/PVDC/Al) packaging 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 40 tablets. Not al pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Instructions for use and handling, and for destruction
No special requirements. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
Clonmel Healthcare Ltd MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER
DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION / RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
Date of first authorisation: 9 September 2005 Date of last renewal: 3 December 2009
10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT
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Chin. Phys. B Vol. 24, No. 1 (2015) 014704 TOPICAL REVIEW — Magnetism, magnetic materials, and interdisciplinary research Surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles in Chu Xin(储 鑫), Yu Jing(余 靓), and Hou Yang-Long(侯仰龙 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (Received 4 November 2014; published online 9 December 2014)
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