Marys Medicine

Dche.coe.upd.edu.ph

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT2
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a special gear used to protect the wearer from specific hazards of a hazardous substance. It is a last resort protection system, to be used when substitution or engineering controls are not feasible. PPE does not reduce or eliminate the hazard, protects only the wearer, and does not protect anyone else. Figure 1. Personal protective equipment3 PPE includes protective clothing, footwear, eye protection, gloves, and respiratory protection. The need for PPE is dependent upon the type of operations and the nature and quantity of the materials in use, and must be assessed on a case by case basis. Workers who rely on PPE must understand the functioning, proper use, and limitations of the PPE used. Table 1: Personal protective equipment
Protective Clothing  When the possibility of chemical contamination exists, wear protective clothing that resists physical and chemical hazards over your casual clothes.  Lab coats are appropriate for minor chemical splashes and solids
contamination, while plastic or rubber aprons are best for
protection from corrosive or irritating liquids.
 Wear closed-toes shoes at all times in the laboratories where chemicals are stored or used or equipment are being operated.  Use chemical-resistance overshoes or boots when handling corrosive chemicals or large quantities of solvents or water that might penetrate normal footwear.  The following are strictly not allowed: × open-toed shoes × high heeled shoes × stiletto-heeled shoes × backless shoes  Wear safety glasses whenever you are performing experiments, especially those involving chemicals, pressure apparatus, or mechanical equipment.  Do not wear contact lenses.  Wear protective gloves when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity, corrosive materials, rough or sharp-edge objects, or very hot or very cold materials.  Make sure to use the gloves appropriate for the type of work that you will be doing. You may refer tofor a few glove materials and their general uses; the list is not exhaustive.  While wearing gloves, be careful not to handle anything aside from the materials in your procedure. Touching equipment, phones, wastebaskets, or other surfaces may cause contamination.  Do not wear rubber or plastic gloves when working with a naked  Before removing them, wash the outside of the glove. To avoid accidental skin exposure, remove the first glove by grasping the cuff and peeling the glove off the hand so that the glove is inside out. Repeat this process with the second hand, touching the inside of the glove cuff, rather than the outside. Wash hands immediately with soap and water. Respiratory protection  Use a respirator when engineering controls (e.g., general ventilation, fume hood) are not feasible or do not reduce the exposure of a chemical to acceptable levels. Table 2: Glove materials and their general uses
Glove Material
General Uses
Offers the highest resistance to permeation by most gases and water vapor. Especially suitable for use with esters and ketones. Provides moderate abrasion resistance but good tensile strength and heat resistance. Compatible with many acids, caustics and oils. Excellent general duty glove. Provides protection from a wide variety of solvents, oils, petroleum products and some corrosives. Excellent resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions. Provides excellent abrasion resistance and protection from most fats, acids, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Highly impermeable to gases. Excellent protection from aromatic and chlorinated solvents. Cannot be used in water or water-based solutions. Exceptional resistance to chlorinated and aromatic solvents. Good resistance to cuts and abrasions. Resists a wide variety of toxic and hazardous chemicals. Provides the highest level of overall chemical resistance. Provides flexibility and resistance to a wide variety of acids, caustics, salts, detergents and alcohols. LABORATORY CHEMICAL FUME HOOD
Chemical fume hoods capture, contain, and expel emissions generated by hazardous chemicals. Some fume hoods channel captured air from the room to the outside, while other fume hoods capture only the pollutants and return the air to the room. In general, it is advisable to conduct all experiments involving chemicals in a fume hood. Fume hoods offer an extra measure of protection, especially for experiments that involve the release of undesirable or hazardous effluents. Table 3: Laboratory chemical fume hood
 Use the fume hood only when you are familiar with its  Maintain the sash at or below the optimum operating height as designated by the label with an arrow.  Raise large objects that must be in the hood (e.g., water bath) to allow airflow beneath and on all sides of the object.  Always work back into the hood, six inches beyond the sash line, keeping the sash line between your body and your work.  Keep the inside of the hood clean and uncluttered.  Make sure that the hood is always in good condition and capable of routine use.  If you detect strong odors released from materials in the hood, check to make sure that the ventilation fan is on.  If the fume hood is malfunctioning, discontinue work and inform lab head, UR, or supervisor.  Aside from the standard PPE, wear a face shield or explosion shield when handling reactive substances.  Prevent any solid objects or materials from entering the exhaust ducts to avoid clogging.  Do not use the fume hood for long-term chemical storage.
CHEMICAL STORAGE CABINETS
Storage of flammable and corrosives in the lab should be limited to the least possible quantity. Flammable materials should be stored in properly constructed wooden or metal storage cabinets. Storage cabinets for flammable materials shall be conspicuously labeled, "Flammable - Keep Fire Away." Table 4: Chemical Storage Cabinets
Use and Maintenance  Do not arrange chemicals in alphabetical order without consideration of their chemical compatibilities.  Limit storage outside of the cabinet to materials that are in  Store glass containers in the bottom shelf of storage cabinets. SAFETY SHOWERS
Safety showers provide an effective means of treatment in the event that chemicals are spilled or splashed onto the skin or clothing.  Safety showers should be in a clearly marked location. The facility should be no more than 10 seconds away from every laboratory workbench.  Laboratory workers should be able to locate the nearest shower with their eyes closed.  Safety showers should be able to supply a continuous stream of water to cover the entire  Safety showers should be located away from electrical panels or outlets.  If at all possible, safety showers should be installed near appropriate drainage system. Table 5: Safety Showers
 Stand below the showerhead and pull down the ring chain or triangular rod to activate the shower.  Remove contaminated clothing, including shoes and jewelry, while under an operating shower.  For the laboratory personnel: Drain and test eye wash stations weekly, and inspect every six months. EYEWASH STATIONS
Eyewash stations provide an effective means of treatment when chemicals come in contact with eyes.  The eyewash facility should be clearly marked and no more than 10 seconds away from every lab work station.  Laboratory workers should be able to locate the nearest eye wash facility with their eyes  An eye injury is usually accompanied by a skin injury. For this reason, eye wash stations should be located near safety shower and/or drench hose so that the eyes and body can be washed. Table 6: Eyewash stations
Use and Maintenance  Aim water or eye solutions at the base of the nose between the eyes, not directly into the eyeball. This increases the chance of effectively rinsing the eyes free of chemicals. Harsh streams of water may drive the particles further into the eyes.  You may need to forcibly open the eyelids to attempt eye  Flood your eyes and eyelids with water or eye solution for a minimum of 10 minutes.  For the laboratory personnel: Drain and test eye wash stations weekly, and inspect every six months. SAFETY WITH CHEMICALS
It is mandatory for safety to do a health risk assessment prior to handling chemicals. Follow MSDS recommendations and heed warnings regarding the use and storage of chemicals. As a matter of safety, MINIMIZE the amount of reactants used in an experiment. SUBSTITUTE hazardous chemicals as much as possible. The following are emphasized: Common Solvents Are they toxic? Are there flammability or explosion danger limits on vapor concentration in air? Use an effective fume-hood particularly in handling volatile solvents. Fine powders or substances that release dust during handling can be toxic and explosive! Use absorbent granules, sawdust or sand to mop up solvent spills. When using large amounts of acid or base or any amount of strongly smelling material, keep a neutralizing agent within reach. Category 1 – known carcinogens to humans. Warning Label: Toxic Category 2 – strongly presumed carcinogen, based on long-term animal studies and other information. Risk Phrase: R45 (May cause cancer) or R49 (May cause cancer by inhalation) Category 3 – possibly carcinogenic. Warning Label: Harmful. Risk Phrase: R40 (Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect). When working with Category 1 or 2 carcinogens, worker must be fully informed of the grave cancer risk and the procedures for proper handling and disposal. Project Leader or Laboratory Head must keep a record of all user exposure to carcinogens. Disposal: DO NOT dispose along with the waste solvents. SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS must be made by the project leader/lab head with a chemical waste disposal company. Because mercury is VERY TOXIC, all glass apparatus containing mercury should be provided with a secondary containment to catch mercury in the event of a breakage. If there are mercury-containing items in the lab, have a MERCURY SPILL KIT (sulfur powder and suction devices) on hand. Other things that may be used to clean up mercury include: latex or vinyl gloves, zip-lock bags or plastic trash bags, wide tape (masking, duct, or clear), paper towels, eyedropper, two index cards or pieces of stiff cardboard, water to moisten the paper towels. Mercury spills should be collected up immediately before they roll into cracks, crevices, or get into clothing, shoes and other porous materials from which it would be very difficult to remove. Avoid spreading spilled mercury! Do not use brooms, mops or vacuum cleaners to clean up a mercury spill; cordon off the spill area so nobody walks through it, and take off any contaminated clothing, shoes, and other items and leave it in the spill area (do not bring them to other areas). Contaminated clothes, rags, carpets, shoes, and other porous items will likely need to be disposed as hazardous waste – wrap these in double plastic trash bags, carefully seal with tape, and label. Small spills (e.g., from a thermometer or thermostat) – For liquid mercury spills, refer to For shattered fluorescent bulbs and compact fluorescent bulbs, see Large spills – EVACUATE the spill area; SEEK professional help (fire department or a contractor). TEST clothing and personal belongings that may have been contaminated. Refer to the following webpage: Cyanides MAY NOT BE USED outside regular working hours. (highly toxic) Hydrofluoric acid HF MAY NOT BE USED outside regular working hours. (highly corrosive) HF can cause very painful burns at concentrations above 1M or 2% in water without immediately observable effects. When working with HF, have a tube of HF Antidote Gel/Calcium Gluconate at hand, apply if concentrated acid contacts the skin. Inhalation of anhydrous HF can be fatal. Liquid Nitrogen can cause severe burns upon eye or skin contact. Use safety goggles and gloves when handling cryogenic liquids. Be wary of explosions due to sudden expansion of condensed gases or vapors. Highly reactive substances (e.g., sodium metal, metal hydrides) – quench in a fume hood in the absence of water or solvents. (e.g. Acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, hexane, etc…) Store in Safe containers inside cabinets designed for flammables (fire resistant). NEVER heat flammables using an OPEN FLAME. When using flammables, KEEP AWAY from IGNITION SOURCES. ALWAYS use a FUME HOOD while working with flammable liquids. (e.g., Peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, perchlorates, chlorates, chlorites, hypochlorites, dichlorates.) STORE AWAY from flammables, organic compounds and combustible materials STORE AWAY from processing and handling areas. STORE AWAY from other materials especially organic or reducing agents. STORE in glass or other inert containers, and use compatible secondary trays. For larger containers, provide dikes around storage areas and ramps at door openings. STORE below eye level to reduce risk of accidental dropping of containers. Some oxidizing agents (e.g. 8% or higher H2O2 in water) generate oxygen gas and water during storage  need to store in vented containers. DO NOT STACK vented containers on top of one another. STORE away from exits. Perchloric acid may only be used in a fume hood designed for perchloric acid. Purchase or use of anhydrous perchloric acid in the ChE department is forbidden. (e.g., Sulfuric acid, chromic acid, stannic acid, hydrofluoric acid, NH4OH) STORE separate from bases and flammables. Many acids are also strong oxidizers Add acid to water, never the other way around. Store corrosives BELOW or AT EYE LEVEL. USE SECONDARY containers for storage to contain leaks. STORE in a WOODEN CABINET or one with corrosion-resistant coating. Store NITRIC ACID in a separate cabinet of compartment. Water-reactives – store and isolate away from any water source
Phosphorics – store in a clearly marked, isolated part of the lab
Peroxide-forming (e.g. ethers, acetals, ketals, cyclic ethers, aldehydes,
benzylic hydrogens, allylic hydrogens, vivinyl, vinylidene compounds, dienes) – should be labelled for date received and expected shelf life. NEVER OPEN any chemical containers if peroxide formation is suspected, or if cover is stuck up. Visually inspect for crystals and unusual viscosity before opening. Shock-sensitive - (e.g., trinitro glycrine, …. see Appendix D for a more
complete list of shock-sensitive materials). Store in explosion-proof
containers where there is minimal human activity and little risk of getting
unnecessarily disturbed. Be wary of bottles or containers with signs of
crystal formation which may indicate peroxide formation. Do not force-
open these, DO NOT shake the bottle.
SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY
Electrical hazards can cause burns, shock and electrocution. Never assume that a wire is safe to touch! Never operate electrical equipment while you are standing in water, or when your feet are soaking wet. If you are not an electrician, do not attempt to repair electrical cords or equipment. Always use caution when working near electricity. Notice the danger When using any electrical equipment, WATCH for worn out cables and signs insulations, loose connections, loose plugs, etc. RECTIFY or REPLACE immediately when necessary. and Wet electrical equipment is VERY DANGEROUS. DISCONNECT from the mains before touching it. Have portable electrical equipment tested regularly by an authorized electrician. New, second-hand, and old equipment must be tested before being used. Clearly mark failed equipment as "FAILED" and do not attempt to use. SAFETY WITH MACHINES AND TRANSPORT
Carrying solvents Observe safety when transporting Winchester or reagent bottles of solvents by using appropriate carriers or trolleys. Rotary equipment Be wary of getting one's hair, clothing, wires or tubing caught in rotating Use appropriate trolleys in transporting large cylinders of compressed gas. Gas cylinders should be securely strapped at all times (during transport, storage and use). Keep only the minimum number of gas cylinders in a room or station. On the gas regulators, mark the maximum safe pressure allowed for regular use in the laboratory. SAFETY WITH GLASSWARE
Glassware under vacuum poses implosion risks. In the event of an Pressurized glass implosion, glass pieces may be sprayed around  COVER any evacuated glass with strong sticky tape, plastic net, or a metal shroud. Glassware under pressure is MORE DANGEROUS. Use only with TOTAL CONTAINMENT. Broken glass and Put broken glassware ONLY in dedicated waste bins labelled "SHARPS", empty bottles which should be taped up at all sides and bottom before use. All bottles for disposal should be inspected and treated prior to disposal:  Remove and destroy any sodium residues found in bottles, then wash the bottles with water.  Completely empty all bottles of solvents and chemicals, wash and dry them until there is no residual odor in them.  Put cleaned bottles without lids or stoppers into the waste bins All glassware for repair should be thoroughly cleaned first. Use appropriate degreasers as needed. SAFETY WITH REFRIGERATORS, FREEZERS & CRYOGENICS
Refrigerators and Check contents frequently and regularly purge of unwanted samples. Use only an explosion-proof refrigerator for storing chemicals. Never store food in a refrigerator used for chemicals. Tightly seal all containers that are put in the refrigerators and freezers. Nitrogen Be aware of the danger of asphyxiation in closed environments (elevators, air-conditioned laboratories, storage rooms, etc.) when boil off occurs. A block of dry ice can completely sublime and reduce oxygen levels to suffocation level in an elevator. Use stairs where possible, or transport without humans in the elevator. Beware of sudden boil-off of O2 that condenses from air due to low temperatures. SAFETY WHEN HEATING AND COOLING DOWN
Use Heating jackets or oil baths. Due to the danger of fire and explosion, DO NOT use ovens or furnaces for heating autoclaves that contain organic solvents. Where such reactions are needed, perform in a fume hood labelled adequately with the contents of the reaction vessel and the explosion risk. Heated sealed tubes or bottles should be allowed to cool completely to room temperature before opening. NOISE AND SAFETY
The sense of hearing will be able to detect a change in operation of an equipment or machinery earlier that the sense of vision. Try to keep background noise (from pumps, shakers, compressed air jets, etc.) at lowest level possible so as not to impair hearing. The use of personal audio equipment (e.g., radios and earphones) is NOT allowed. OUTSIDE REGULAR WORKING HOURS
When working outside of the regular working hours, there are additional risks involved since help may not be available in the event of an accident. All research advisers should be aware of the work being undertaken by their students. They should also ensure that work outside the regular hours is properly regulated. For work outside of regular lab hours:  Undergraduates are forbidden to be in the laboratories unless a supervisor is present with  Working alone is NOT allowed. Make sure there is always someone within earshot.  Experiments that have a risk level beyond 3 must be performed only during the regular
working hours. No work involving cyanides or HF may be done outside normal work hours. UNATTENDED EXPERIMENTS
Experiments left running unattended pose special risks in terms of fires and floods and must be carefully controlled. The following must be observed:  Unattended running of experiments may be carried out only when absolutely necessary.  Experiments involving overnight refluxing of solvents must be within a ducted fume hood. All water lines must be securely fastened.  All experiments left running must have a notice on it o stating EXPERIMENT IN PROGRESS, PLEASE LEAVE RUNNING
o and indicating POTENTIAL HAZARDS in understandable language (e.g.,
Flammable Solvent, Contains Toxic Material). Give Filipino translation as well. o the name and telephone number of the person responsible for the experiment. This telephone number must be accessible and one which is with the concerned person at all times. o If at all possible, the above information must be posted in a prominent position outside the laboratory. o Keep the light of the fume hood ON if the set-up is in a fume hood. o Electrical equipment left on should be labeled "DO NOT SWITCH OFF" o For large, permanent equipment (e.g., SEM), post contact numbers outside the laboratory and clearly identify EMERGENCY ELECTRICAL OFF switches. PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING WOMEN
Pregnant and breastfeeding women must inform their adviser in writing in order to avoid exposure to agents or tasks that may endanger the unborn child or infant. TIDINESS
Keep your working area reasonably tidy and free of obstacles to minimize risks of accidents, fires, and floods. Reporting Accidents and Incidents
Any dangerous event in the Department ChE Laboratories must be reported immediately to the HSE Officer or the Assistant Chair, to avoid recurrence of said event. Dangerous incidents are unplanned events in which no one was hurt, but which had the potential to cause injury or damage to property. Accidents are defined as events in which someone gets hurt. All incidents, accidents and even near-misses must be reported to the HSE Officer or Assistant Chair. Please note that the aim is NOT to apportion blame for an accident or incident, but rather to put up measure to prevent recurrence. No one should be afraid to report such events. It is mandatory in industry practice. Chemical Waste Disposal

Environmental regulations require proper disposal of chemical waste. Such entails
additional cost and inconvenience, hence as a matter of practicality and economics, it is
good practice to design experiments such that waste generation is minimized. As much
as possible and practicable, substances or materials should be recovered and recycled.
At the conclusion of research projects, workers must dispose of all unwanted products or
other chemicals, including leftover unused reagents. Proper chemical waste disposal is a
requirement for laboratory clearance.
Waste Chemicals
As much as possible, the lead researcher of individual or group research project is to
make arrangements with a chemical waste disposal company for disposal of unwanted
chemicals. A list of such companies may be obtained from the Environmental
Management Bureau of the DENR.
All substances to be disposed of should be identified by chemical name and molecular
formula. For mixed waste, the character of the mixture must be accurately defined (e.g.
organic amines and their salts, no compound boiling below 100 C, some suspected
carcinogens). Descriptions that are not acceptable are "mixture of organic liquids",
"smells of nitrobenzene". IMPORTANT: known hazards associated with the water
should be clearly stated on the label, including hazardous drying agents.
Container must be leak-proof, clearly labeled with identity or category of the contents,
any known hazards, some indication of the boiling point range. Trade names alone are
not acceptable. The chemical nature must be indicated.
If packed into used boxes, ENSURE OLD LABELS ARE ERASED OR
OBLITERATED. Also, mark the container as to which SIDE UP. Total weight should
NOT exceed 5 kg and the dimensions should be about one foot cube. Organic or aqueous
liquids should be in glass or plastic containers, solids in metal drums or plastic tubs.
Waste Solvents

Prior to disposal, submit a form listing the type and quantity of waste to be disposed.
There are 2 categories of waste solvents¨ Chlorinated and non-Chlorinated. Put only
approved waste solvents (with limited amounts of solute at worst) in the containers. DO NOT put reaction mixtures containing drying agents, oxidants or solutions of oxidants must never be put into the waste solvent containers. Acids and bases must be placed in separate containers, never into containers for organic solvents. No substance that is category 1 or 2 carcinogens may be put in the waste solvents in any form. For details on waste disposal and classification of chemical waste, please see the Waste Management System of the ChE Department. Security in the Department
All students, faculty and staff should wear their ID's at all times when within the premises of the building. All visitors and guests should log in at the security guard's logbook at the lobby, and must wear their visitor's pass at all times. All doors and windows should be locked when no one is in the lab or office. Be alert for suspicious persons (e.g. non-students without visitor's passes) in the premises, especially outside regular working hours. Ask what he/she wants. Contact security personnel or the UP Police at 928-3615 if unsure about the person's intention. Observe greater caution when working outside regular working hours. Report to the security personnel any person within the premises who does not bear an authorization pass. Suspicious movements, especially in areas immediately surrounding the building, should also be alerted to security personnel. For added security, CCTV cameras are installed in various locations. For research laboratory heads, regularly update the roll call or list of persons authorized to work in your lab, and post the list on a prominent location outside your lab (e.g. door). First version authors: Dr. Rizalinda de Leon Asst. Prof. Patrick Ramoso Asst. Prof. Marjorie Baynosa Asst. Prof. Julie Anne del Rosario Engr. Jonas Karl Christopher Agutaya Engr. Joseph Jimievard Abuan Engr. Myron Alcanzare  Acetylene -- flammable  Acetyl peroxide -- flammable  Ammonium picrate -- requires >10% water to reduce shock hazard  Benzoyl peroxide -- requires 25%-35% water to reduce shock hazard  Bouin's solution -- yellow solution containing picric acid  Chlorotrifluoroethylene -- flammable  Dinitrophenylhydrazine -- requires >10% water to reduce shock hazard  Dipicrylamine (syn: Hexanitrodiphenylamine) -- explosive and poisonous  Dipicryl sulphide (syn: Hexanitrodiphenyl sulfide) -- requires >10% water to reduce shock hazard  Nitrofluoride -- strong oxidizer  Nitrogen trifluoride (syn: Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) -- poisonous gas  Nitroglycerin -- skin irritant  Nitromethane (syn: Nitrocarbol)  Picramide (syn: Trinitroaniline)  Picric acid (syn: Melinite, Trinitrophenol) -- requires >10% water to reduce shock hazard  Picryl chloride  Picryl sulphonic acid (syn: trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) -- flammable solid, corrosive  Trinitroanisole (syn: trinitrophenylmethyl ether) -- explodes by heat or shock  Trinitrobenzene -- requires >10% water to reduce shock hazard  Trinitrobenzoic acid -- an explosive  Trinitrotoluene (syn: Picryl sulphonic acid, TNT) -- moderate explosion hazard; requires strong  Urea nitrate -- requires >10% water to reduce shock hazard

Source: http://dche.coe.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/04-UPD-ChE-Laboratory-Safety-Manual.pdf